\ UCRL-ID--105719 -ISV. : DE91 014111 . Bikini, Enewetak, and Rongelap Marshallese, and United States .XucIeX Weapons Testing in the Marshall Islands A Bibliography Vincent Schultz Professor Emeritus Washington State Uni\7ersity . Susan C. Schultz International Studies Program University of Oregon 1989 Edited and Published by Dr. William L. Robison, Lawrence Livermore .National Laborator=,- Livermore, CA Mav 1991 “ . ,,. Table of Contents . Introduction ...................................................................................................................... Ackno~vledgments ............................................................................. .................... Cultural Impact, General Introductory, and Miscellaneous References ..............-l .- Congressional !?epor’ .,.,,,,. ,,,,,, . ,,, . Annual Report of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands .................................2O Radiation Ecology and Related Subje~s ....................................................................2 Radiation Expo:Jre of the Rongelap and Utirik Marshallese ..............................-i!l i . Introduction A considerable literature exists on the Bikini, Enewetak, and Rongela~ \farshallese and their atolls; however, this literature consists of a larSe nu~. ber c: governmental documents that are relatively unknown and difficult to locate. This is particularly true of the documents of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands and those related to nuclear weapons testing in the \4arsha11 Is!ands. Bec2xse : comprehensive bibliography on the impact of nuclear weaFons testing on the Marshallese and their atolls does not exist, the preparation of a bibliography that includes sufficient information to locate all types of reports seems justified. Primary sources of information in preparing this bibliography ~vew bibliographies on Oceania, citatior.s in published papers, CIS Index md Absfruct:. Monthly Catalog of Llnifed States Government Publications, INucleQr Scienc: Abstracts, Energy Research Abstracts, numerous bibliographies on radiation ecology, and suggestions bv manv individuals whom we contacted. Xew-spaper articles a:? not included; however, a partial list of newspaper artic~es is avai!ab!e in M:rsh~.’J lsiunds. A Chronology: ?944-1983 publkhed by the Micronesia Support ~on~mittee. As a result of our difficulty in locating citations from published parers, one go.?.i in this bibliography , is to include complete documentation of the source C: congressional reports and other government-related publications. If we w“ere ‘~na’cle to verify a citation, we have indicated the source of our information. Referer. ces :Q congressional reports include Serial Set m]mbc.s or Superintendent of Doc.~mer.: numbers, and where available, CIS ~l,icrofiche numbers (CIS/\lF). O&he: governmental documents, particularly those rela&ed to ionizing. radiation, i~.clu<? reference to Nuclear Science Abstracts (NSA) or Energy Researcti Absfracts (ERA - In many cases, sections of congressional documents are ver:,r difficult to cite. Consequently, where a title to a section is lacking, we have chosen to substitute a ii:: of topics in parentheses. In addition, page numbers for material i.n this bibliography are ~rovi~<ed ::. parentheses when the subject matter of a book or document IS r,ot :estric:ecf ‘: nuclear weapons testing in the Marshali Islands. Documents listed in XSA or ERA are for the ~,ost part to he found I:. Department of Energy Depository Libraries throughout the ~,vorld. A ist o; thes~ depositories can be found in iss,ws of LNSA or ERA, with the Ia.t:er being thie mo~: . current. Another source of infer-~ation for these documents is the Ofi~ce c: . 1 . Scientific and Tech nical Information, U. S. Department of Energy, P.O. Box 6:, . Oak Ridge, TN 37832. To the best of our knowledge, the most complete set of LTniversitv c: ;Vashington (L’W7L) reports is in the Publications Office, School of Fisherie:r L’niversity of Washington, Seattle, WA. Acknowledgments The assistance of many individuals in preparing this bibliography is acknowledged and greatly appreciated. Librarians have played a critical role in locating governmental documents, particularly, Linda H. Crane and Siegfried A. Y-ogt, Holland Library, Washington State University. Librarians at the University ci Idaho have assisted in locating many publications. Karen M. Peacock, Pacific Collection of tile University of Hawaii Lilbrary, and Elaine Conception, ~Micronesi~7 Area Research Center, Guam, furnished information we requested. Congressmen Thomas S. Foley and Broth Adams provided congression~~ documents. In the field of anthropology, Laurence M. Carucci, Montana Sta= University; Leonard E. Mason, U~iversity of Hawaii; and George E. B. Ylorren, Jr-, . Rutgers University, were most helpful. William H. Adams, Brookhaven National Laboratory; William J. Bair, Battelle Pacific .Northwest Laboratory; Leo K. Bustaci, Washington State University; Henry I. .:ohn, Bikini Atoll Rehabilitation Committee; Darwin J. Morgan, Cynthia Ortiz, and ;Villiam S. Osborn, Departrnen: of Energy; William L. Robison, Lav,r,~nce Li\ermore .vational Laboratory; and .-Nl\= H. Seymour and associates, University of Washington, generously provide~ information on tne subjects of ionizing radiation and/or resettlement a~~ rehabilitation of the affected atolls. Rovce, L. Oliver, .National Museum of Natur4 History, provided us with information on availability of the Afol) R<se.:T:fi Bulletin. Bernice Joash, Office of the L’nited States Representative, \fajuro, ?~farsh~: Islands, provided us \vith information on the avaiIabiiitv of Trust Terriforu Ji :2< Pacific Islands reports. Gerald W. Fry, Director of International Studies, University of Oregon, served as . chairman of the junior author’s graduate committee, and in this capacity, encouraged her to prepare a Masters Degree policy paper on the Bikini and Enewetak Marshallese which, in part, resulted in this extensive bibliography. Rayla Bradsher provided word processing and typographic support. Without the assistance of these individuals and others, the preparation of this bibliography would have been extremely difficult, if not impossible. Cultural Impact, General Introductory, and Miscellaneous References * This category is the major source Gf anthropological publications; it includes brief summaries or comments appearing in books and periodicals, such aS magazines and miscellaneous reports. Adams, L.E. (1972), “American involvement in perspective,” 80-96, In: National Security and International Trusteeship in the Pacific, (w~~ . Louis , cd.), Na\al Institute Press, Annapolis, LMD(93, 94). # lcalay, G.H. (1980), The aftermath of Bikini,” The Ecologist 10(10): 346-351. Alcala G.H. (1931), “A tale of two islands: Bikini and Enewetak,” TiI E Eco r;gist 11(5): 222-227- Alcalay, G.H. (1984), “Maelstrom in the Marshall Islands: The social impact of nuclear weapons testing,” pp. 25-36, In: Micronesia as Strategic Colon . The Jmpacf o U. S. Policy on Micronesia Iiealth and Cu!ture, (C. Lutz, d.), (?ultural Surviv J Inc., Cambridge, MA (references in bibliography pp. 105-109). Alexander, W.J (1984), “Missiles, the military, and the Marshals,” p .,7-24, I:.: ,Vlicronesia as Strategic Colony. The lrnpact o U. S. Policy on L zcronesi~n Health and Culture, (C. Lutz, cd.), Cultural 1 urvival Inc., Cambridge, M-+ (references in bibliography pp. 105-109). Anonymou~ (1946), “Atom bomb island: Navy moves natives from Bikini, target Cf Operation CROSSROADS,” Life 20(12): 105-109. Anonymous (1973), “Pe- e not PACE in Eniwetok,” Pacific Islands Monthly 44(7): 7, 121. Anonymous (1979), “Bikini-Enewe’ak,” Pacific Islands A40nffily 50(8): 11, 13, 14, ~~, 17, (reprint from Bull. Atomic .%ienfisk, 1979). Appleton, T. (1982), “A trust betrayed,” Rez’icw (Fiji) 3(9): 1 :–17, (re rodllced from New Zealand Monthly Review, August 1982), (Source: 2 \V. Fry and R. iMauricio, 1987, page 42). Barnett, H.G. (1956), Artthropoio$j in Administration, Row’, Peterson, Evanston, IL, viii, 196 pp. (34, 99, 100, 128, 100-154). Barry, H. J., IIJ (1976), Chp. 5, “The Marshall Islands,” !Jp. 44-57, In: cc~a~ia ~1:~ Beyond: Essa s on the Paci ic Since 194,5, (Fp. King, cd.), Creenwood ?V2SS, Westport, C? , (44-51, 5&52 {. Berkhouse, L. E., et al. (1983), “O eration SA.N!3STOXTE: 1948,” Kaman TemF(Q, DeJ’ense Nucfear Agency Report K? -82-026(R), (DNA 6033 F), 200 pp. Berkhouse, L. E., et al. (1984), “O eration CROSSROADS - 1946,” Kaman TemFo, Defense Nuclear Agency Report 1?T-83-006(R), (Dh’A 6032F), 545 pp. -1 . Bradley, D. (1983), No Place fo l-fide 1946/1984, (rev. edition), University Press of . New England, Hanover, NH, xxiv, 217 pp. Bunge, F. M., and .M.W. Cooke, (eds.) (19!34), Oceania: A Regional SLUdY, (Znd edition), United States Department of Army, Area Handbook Series DA pam 550-94, XV,569 pp. (312, 313,333,335,336, 493). Cameron, J. (1970), “23 nuclear ex lesions later,” New York Times Mflgujne/pa~~ ~, 119(40,944): 27,44,46,48,50, (1 ‘ i’arch 1970%. 6). Chambers, A. (1971), “A study of the relocation of two Marshallese atoll communities,” Kroeber Antivopo/ogicaf Society Papers 44: 30-47. Clusen, R.C. (1980), Letter from Assistant Secretary for Environment, United States Department of Energy, to J. J. Joseph, Undersecretary for the Interior, in r ard to resettlement of the Bikini eople on Eneu Island, dated May 1980, %( urce: J.N. Stannard, 1988, page 104 $). Con ress of Micronesia (1974), Re ort on compensation, Special Joint Committee ? oncernin Rongelap and Utiri E Atolls, Saipan,