COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT ON HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND NATURAL RESOURCE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS Clark University Institute for Development Anthropology Internatior.al Development Program 99 Collier Street 950 Main Street Suite 302, P.O. Box 2207 Worcester, MA 01610 Binghamton, NY 13902 INSTITUTE FOR DEVELOPMENT ANTHROPOLOGY INVOLVEMENT IN THE SENEGAL BASIN: REPORT AND PROPOSAL TO USAID/DAKAR 9 May 1986 CONTENTS REPORT AND PROPOSAL REPORT 1 INTRODUCTION I CONCLUSIONS 2 RECOMMENDATIONS 7 PROPOSAL 13 INTRODUCTION 13 SCOPE OF WORK FOR FY 1987-1991 13 1. DURATION 14 2. PERSONNEL 14 3. DIRECTION 14 4. MODE OF OPERATION 14 5. ACTIVITIES 15 A. ADVISORY 15 B. INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 15 C. NETWORKING 15 D. COLLABORATION 16 E. WORKS"3PS 16 F. RESEARCH 16 RESEARCH PERSONNEL 17 BUDGET 22 APPENDIX I - TOR FOR UPPER VALLEY MASTER PLAN APPENDIX II - 1985 PROPOSAL TO CREATE AN OVERSIGHT TEAM TO IMPROVE PLANNING, TRAINING, MONITORING AND EVALUATION FOR UPPER SENEGAL RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT APPENDIX III - AGRICULTURAL ISSUES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SENEGAL RIVER BASIN: REPORT ON THE IDA MISSION TO SENEGAL AND MAURITANIA 3/22-4/5/869 BY ANDRE GUINARD db/ N.N Coo, .z00 INSTITUTE FOR DEVELOPMENT ANTHROPOLOGY 99 COLlIER SEEr.SUITE 3n2 P. O. BOX 207, BINGHAMTON. NEW YOBJC 13902 USA Telphone (07) 7724244 Teks t32433 Cab DEVANTHaO BNGHAUTON, NY DATEs 9 May 1986 TOs Sarah Jane Littlefield, Director, USAID/Dakar FROM. Thayer Scudder and Michael R Horowitz, Directors SUBJECT: IDA Involvement in the Senegal Basin under the Cooperative Agreement in Human Settlement and Ra3ource Systems Analysis (SARSA) REPORT I NTRODUCT I ON In April 1985 the Institute for Development Anthropology (IDA) submitted to USAID/Dakar a five-year proposal to create an advisory team to improve planning, training, monitoring and eva­ luation for Upper Senegal River Basin development. More specifi­ cally, IDA proposed to provide advice to LUSAID on opportunities and constraints relating to the development of the Upper Senegal Valley, to provide advice to an AID-financed contractor to be selected to prepare a Master Plan for the Upper Valley, and to assist in the training of personnel for host country units, including planning those within the OMVS, within planning tries, and minis­ within such parastatals as SAED and SONADER. USAID/Dakar's reaction to this proposal was favorable. mission suggested, The however, that an even closer association should be established between the OMVS, the new Apres-Barrages planning unit within GOS Ministry of Plan, and the IDA team. Furthermore, USAID believed that serious consideration should be given to extending the scope of work of the IDA team to include, at the very least, the Middle Basin. Since more discussions were needed between USAID/Dakar, various host country agencies, and IDA personnel, USAID proposed an initial one-year funding, with the scope of work for the remaining years to be discussed after a first visit of IDA personnel. This visit took place during March 21 - April 6, Members of the IDA team 1986. were Andre Guinard (agronomist and former director of France's Centre National d'Etudes d'Agronomie Tropi­ cale), Papa Nalla Fall (regional economist, faculty member at Centre Africain d'Etudes Superieures en Gestion, and former World Bank officer), Gilbert F. White (geographer and former senior I river basin consultant to UNDP), Michael M Horowitz (socio­ economist and ecologist, IDA director and co-director of the IDA team), and Thayer Scudder (river basin specialist, IDA director and co-director of the IDA team). Team members held discussions with officials of USAID/ Dakar and USAID/Nouakchott; the OMVS; the Senegal Ministries of Hydraulics, Plan, Protection of Nature, and Rural Development; the Mauritanian Department of Agriculture; SAED and SONADER; research and training institutions as CODESRIA, CREA, ENDA, and IDEP; FAO; the Ford Foundation; OXFAM, and UNDP. At the conclu­ sion of the mission, the team discussed its findings at a USAID/ Dakar staff meeting. In a final session, Horowitz, Scudder, the USAID Director and Deputy Program Officer discussed a scope of work for the next five year period. That scope of work, with supporting material, is outlined below following the team's con­ clusions and recommendations. The IDA team is particularly grateful to the High Commis­ sioner of the OMVS, to the Senegalese Ministers of Plan, Pro­ tection of Nature, and Rural Development, and to the President Director General of SAED for giving us valuable time to explain their views. We are also grateful to USAID Director Sarah Jane Littlefield, Deputy Program Ofiicer Campbell McClusky, and Prog­ ram Office staff member Monique Cressot for expediting our acti­ vities in Senegal, and to Project Specialist Joe Guardiano for helping us in Mauritania. David Hunsberger, RBDO, USAID/Dakar, kindly provided the team with compute:- access in preparing a draft mission report. CONCLUSIONS 1. Well aware of obstacles to the seedgy utilization of waters stored behind the Diama and Manantali dams for hydroQower genera­ tions irrigation and navigation_, officials in the OMVS and in Senegal and Mauritania have begun tc consider alternative uses for stored water. During feasibility studies for the Diama and Manantali Dams, projections of their economic viability were based on three major uses of stored waters: (1) hydropower generation for urban­ industrial usage, mining in Senegal Oriental, and electrification of irrigation pumps; (2) development of at least 250,000 hectares for pump irrigation; and, (3) cargo barge transport between St. Louis and Kayes. Though the major justification for the dams was based on these three uses, government officials and river basin consul­ tants were well aware that it would take a good deal of time to bring on the irrigated perimeters. To provide water for such customary agricultural practices as recession (decrue) agricul­ ture during this period of transition, a decision was made to release annually--for ten to fifteen years--a controlled flood from the waters ttored behind the Manantali Dam. During that time period, village households would gradually be converted from a more diversified economic system including rainfed and recession agriculture, livestock management, and wage labor to irrigation agriculture based on double cropping of rice. The decision to provide a simulated flood for customary uses during a lengthy transitional period is a major one. Indeed, it is unique in Africa. and perhaps anywhere in the tropics, where normally the flood regime of free-flowing rivers has been abrup­ tly terminated at the completion of dam construction irrespective of the impact downstream. In learning -1rom the lessons of the past, the OMVS and the three governments have shown great understanding of the human and environmental issues involved. Now that the Diama and Manantali Dams are nearing comple­ tion, there is increasing awareness of the possibility--indeed the probability--that the duration of the required transition period has been seriously underestimated. Furthermore, there is a growing awareness that changing circumstances require a reas­ sessment of how the waters stored behind the two dams can best be used to achieve national , regional and local development goals. Though a major financial search continues, at the moment funding does not exist for installing generators at Manantali or for developing a water transport system between St. Loui- and Kayes. The completion of the Selingue Dam on the Sankrani (a tributary of the Niger) has met Mali's needs for electricity for several decades. Though the demand for electricity in the urban areas of Senegal is growing, the development of major mining operations in Senegal Oriental seems unlikely in the near term, hence removing a major source of demand. In the meantime, should the proposed Ke::kreti Dam be constructed on the Middle Gambia, generating capacity would be greatly augmented and installation of generators at Manantali would perhaps be further delayed. We suspect that it is because of such considerations that funds have not been forthcoming for generator installation at Manantali and that when installation does begin, it will be drawn out over a longer time period than has been anticipated. As +or the development of navigation upriver to Kayes, recent reports suggest that donor priority will be given instead to the rehabi­ litation and upgrading of the railroad (including provision of new rolling stock and improvement of unloading and storage faci­ lities in Bamako). There is also a reappraisal of the speed with which irri­ gated perimeters can be developed, along with a reconsideration of capital development costs and recurrent expenditures, and of the wisdom of the previous emphasis on rice as opposed to other cereals and croos. Our own enquiries confirm the unlikeliness that SAED can pr oer] v develup as much as 2000 new hectares and rveL- 1 1 tate nre than 1000 previously developed hectares per annum. SONADER s capacity is even less, while the Malian gov­ ernmrent has little interest in developing irrigated perimeters in the Upper Valley because of the much greater potential of the Niger River. While the private sector, including both joint -3 ventures and imaigrants from other parts of Senegal, can also be expected to develop new land once water for irrigation is avail­ able, issues relating to land terure will probably restrict such development to less than 30,000 hectares of Lower Basin land. Furthermore, development of such lands will not provide a substi­ tute for Middle