Modelling and Structural Analysis of historical masonry systems including vaulted structure tesis doctoral realizada por: masonry sytems including vaulted structure vaultedmasonry including sytems Modelling and Structural Analysis ofAnalysis historical and Structural Modelling Yohei Endo DOCTORAL Yohei Endo Yohei TESIS realizada por dirigida por: Pere Roca i Fabregat doctoral Luca Pelà tesis 5 ,201 Barcelona, Mayo de 2015 Mayo Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Departament d´Enginyeria de la Construcció Curso académico: 2014-2015 Acta de calificación de tesis doctoral Nombre y apellidos Yohei Endo Programa de doctorado Ingenieria de la Construccion Unidad estructural responsable del programa Departamento de Ingenieria de la construccion Resolución del Tribunal Reunido el Tribunal designado a tal efecto, el doctorando / la doctoranda expone el tema de la su tesis doctoral titulada “Modelling and Structural Analysis of historical masonry systems including vaulted structure“ Acabada la lectura y después de dar respuesta a las cuestiones formuladas por los miembros titulares del tribunal, éste otorga la calificación: NO APTO APROBADO NOTABLE SOBRESALIENTE (Nombre, apellidos y firma) (Nombre, apellidos y firma) Presidente/a Secretario/a (Nombre, apellidos y firma) (Nombre, apellidos y firma) (Nombre, apellidos y firma) Vocal Vocal Vocal ______________________, _______ de __________________ de _______________ El resultado del escrutinio de los votos emitidos por los miembros titulares del tribunal, efectuado por la Escuela de Doctorado, a instancia de la Comisión de Doctorado de la UPC, otorga la MENCIÓN CUM LAUDE: SÍ NO (Nombre, apellidos y firma) (Nombre, apellidos y firma) Presidente de la Comisión Permanente de la Escuela de Secretario de la Comisión Permanente de la Escuela de Doctorado Doctorado Barcelona a _______ de ____________________ de __________ This page is left blank on purpose. Modelling and Structural Analysis of historical masonry systems including vaulted structure tesis doctoral realizada por: Yohei Endo dirigida por: Pere Roca i Fabregat Luca Pelà This page is left blank on purpose. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my supervisor Professor Pere Roca, who has shown the attitude and the substance of a genius: he continually and persuasively conveyed a spirit of adventure in regard to research, and an excitement in regard to teaching. Without his supervision and constant help this dissertation would not have been possible. I also would like to show my gratitude to my co-supervisor Dr Luca Pelà, who helped me out to deepen my understanding on numerical analysis and seismic assessment of historical structures. I would like to thank my committee members, Dr. Climent Molins, Dr. Miquel Llorens and Dr. Ignacio Lombillo, whose work demonstrated to me that concern for global affairs supported by an engagement in comparative literature and modern technology, should always transcend academia and provide a quest for our times. I thank Dr. Miquel Llorens for providing me valuable information on vaults of Hospital Sant Pau, as allowed us to conduct the study that comprises large part of the present research. In addition, I like to add a thank you to my colleague Ahmed Elyamani, who gave me tutorial of structural-analysis software, DIANA. I also would like to thank a past MSc SAHC student, Juan Arias who helped me for the study of one of vaults of Hospital Sant Pau. I would like to say thank you to a past master student from University of Padova, Alice de Conti, who carried out the study of San Marco church, as has provided useful information to us. I was grateful to attend NIKER project. It not only provided significant knowledge on the seismic assessment of a large-scale church and also made this thesis possible. I would like to show appreciation to the dance school, Seven Dance that has taught me the heart of Latin dance and that also has provided me strong moral support. In the end, I want to thank Nishihara Cultural Foundation, from bottom of my heart, for their financial support throughout this PhD research. i This page is left blank on purpose. ii ABSTRACT The conservation of historic structures has been given special attention due to their cultural, social and economic importance. However they often show considerable structural vulnerability and have been seriously damaged by natural disasters including earthquakes. An excessive loss of architectural heritage has occurred because of earthquakes. A safety assessment and restoration practice on historical structures has been tackled extensively by professionals including architects and engineers. However, structural assessment of historical buildings is a complex task. Complexity comes from insufficient understanding of the characteristic of historical materials, limited knowledge of the seismic response of historical structures and yet-unknown structural deterioration due to the past natural disasters. Today it is perceived that nonlinear FEM analysis permits detailed study of historical masonry structures. However, in some cases, its application poses difficulties. The difficulties derive from the definition of material properties, the definition of a complex geometry and the analysis procedures. The results depend on the material properties considerably. However, it is not easy to describe appropriately the behaviour of historical materials including masonry in the FEM analysis. The definition of a complex geometry is challenging although the discretisation of accurate geometry is crucial. As for the analysis procedure, one of the difficulties is observed in seismic assessment. FEM-based nonlinear dynamic analysis permits close observation of seismic response of a historical masonry structure but it requires excessive computational effort, for a large-scale structure in particular. On the other hand, pushover can be adopted more efficiently than nonlinear dynamic analysis but the obtained result can be less reliable. All these considerations indicate that the understanding of FEM approaches still needs to be deepened to adopt more accurately and at the same time efficiently for the analysis of historical structures. The present research discusses the applicability of existing nonlinear FEM approaches to the study of masonry historical structures. The FEM analysis is adopted to the analysis of real and complex structures including mixed steel and masonry vaulted systems belonging to the Hospital de Sant Pau in Barcelona and a large single-nave church damaged by the 2009 Abruzzo earthquake. As a final outcome of the research, the conclusions provided criteria and guidelines for the analysis of these types of structures under vertical loading and seismic forces. The achievement of the research will contribute to both engineers and researchers who are involved in the conservation of historical masonry structures especially by means of FEM analysis. iii This page is left blank on purpose. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................................iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ v TABLE OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... xvii 1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES ............................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Purpose of the thesis ................................................................................................ 2 1.2.1 General objective .............................................................................................. 2 1.2.2 Specific objectives ............................................................................................ 2 1.2.3 Summary .......................................................................................................... 3 2. STATE-OF-ART DISCUSSION ...................................................................................... 5 2.1 Masonry Mechanics .................................................................................................. 5 2.1.1 Mechanical properties ....................................................................................... 5 2.1.2 Structural behaviour ........................................................................................ 11 2.2 Typology and behaviour of masonry structural elements ......................................... 20 2.2.1 Typology of vertical structural elements .......................................................... 21 2.2.2 Damage and collapse mechanisms of vertical elements under seismic action ............................................................................................................... 26 2.2.3 Catalan Vaults ................................................................................................ 32 2.3 Structural Analysis techniques ................................................................................ 35 2.3.1 Limit analysis .................................................................................................