Managing Change: Sustainable Approaches to the Conservation of the Built Environment 4th Annual US/ICOMOS International Symposium Organized by US/ICOMOS, the Graduate Program in Historic Preservation of the University of Pennsylvania, and the Getty Conservation Institute Philadelphia, Pennsylvania April 2001 Edited by Jeanne Marie Teutonico and Frank Matero THE GETTY CONSERVATION INSTITUTE Los ANGELES Cover: (top left) Rehabilitated raised fields at Illpa, Peru (photo by Clark L. Erickson); (top right) Interior of the monastery of Likir in Ladakh, India (photo by Ernesto Noriega); (bottom left) Master mason on the walls of the 'Addil Mosque, San 'a', Yemen (photo by Trevor Marchand); (bottom right) Times Square, New York City (copyright © Jeff Goldberg/Esto. All rights reserved.) Getty Conservation Institute Proceedings series © 2003 J. Paul Getty Trust Getty Publications 1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 500 Los Angeles, California 90049-1682 www.getty.edu Timothy P. Whalen, Director, Getty Conservation Institute Jeanne Marie Teutonico, Associate Director, Field Projects and Science Sheila U. Berg, Project Manager and Manuscript Editor Pamela Heath, Production Coordinator Hespenheide Design, Designer Printed in the United States by Edwards Brothers, Inc. Cover and color insert printed in Canada by Transcontinental Printing The Getty Conservation Institute works internationally to advance conservation and to enhance and encourage the preservation and understanding of the visual arts in all of their dimensions—objects, collections, architecture, and sites. The Institute serves the conservation community through scientific research, education and training, field projects, and the dissemination of the results of both its work and the work of others in the field. In all its endeavors, the Institute is committed to addressing unanswered questions and promoting the highest standards of conservation practice. The Getty Conservation Institute is a program of the J. Paul Getty Trust, an international cultural and philanthropic organization devoted to the visual arts and the humanities that includes an art museum as well as programs for education, scholarship, and conservation. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data US/ICOMOS International Symposium (4th : 2001 : Philadelphia, Pa.) Managing change : sustainable approaches to the conservation of the built environment : 4th Annual US/ICOMOS International Symposium organized by US/ICOMOS, Program in Historic Preservation of the University of Pennsylvania, and the Getty Conservation Institute 6–8 April 2001, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania / Jeanne Marie Teutonico and Frank Matero, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-89236-692-3 (pbk.) 1. Historic preservation—Congresses. 2. Historic sites—Conservation and restoration—Congresses. 3. Cultural property—Protection—Congresses. 4. Sustainable architecture—Congresses. I. Teutonico, Jeanne Marie. II. Matero, F. G. (Frank G.) III. Title. CC135U8 2003 363.6'9—dc21 2003010324 Contents Robert C. Wilburn, Chairman, US/ICOMOS v Foreword Frank Matero vii Preface PART ONE Thinking Sustainability: Concepts and Principles David Throsby 3 Sustainability in the Conservation of the Built Environment: An Economist's Perspective John C. Keene 11 The Links between Historic Preservation and Sustainability: An Urbanist's Perspective PART TWO Framing Sustainability: The Promise and the Paradox of Conservation Graham Fairclough 23 Cultural Landscape, Sustainability, and Living with Change? Setha M. Low 47 Social Sustainability: People, History, and Values M. Christine Boyer 65 Sustainability and the City Brian Ridout 79 Sustainability and Buildings: Sustainable Solutions to Decay and Infestation in Timber PART THREE Practicing Sustainability: Case Studies Sustainable Approaches to the Conservation of Archaeological Sites David Batchelor 95 Toward a Sustainable Management Plan: The Case of Stonehenge and Avebury Carolina Castellanos 107 Sustainable Management for Archaeological Sites: The Case of Chan Chan, Peru Sustainable Approaches to Building Conservation Gina Haney 117 Castles and Community in Cape Coast, Ghana Sustainable Approaches to Historic Cities Francesco Siravo 127 Sustainability and the Planning of Historic Cities: The Experience of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Trevor H. J. Marchand 137 Process over Product: Case Studies of Traditional Building Practices in Djenné, Mali, and San'a', Yemen Sustainability and Tradition Ernesto Noriega 161 Tradition and Innovation in the Tibetan Diaspora Clark L. Erickson 181 Agricultural Landscapes as World Heritage: Raised Field Agriculture in Bolivia and Peru Jeanne Marie Teutonico 205 Summary of Proceedings 211 Contributors v Foreword T is MY PLEASURE to introduce this publication in the Getty Conservation Institute's Proceedings series which brings together I the thinking, discussion, and conclusions of the 4th US/ICOMOS International Symposium held in Philadelphia from April 6 to 8, 2001, under the theme "Managing Change: Sustainable Approaches to the Conservation of the Built Environment." In 2001, US/ICOMOS had the great pleasure of partnering with the Getty Conservation Institute and the Graduate Program in Historic Preservation at the University of Pennsylvania to cosponsor the event. International and transcultural professional exchanges are the core mission of US/ICOMOS and of its parent organization, the International Council on Monuments and Sites. ICOMOS is a worldwide alliance of individuals, agencies, and institutions dedicated to preserving and protecting the built heritage of all humanity. The annual US/ICOMOS symposium is but one of the instruments we see for the fulfillment of our mission. Through publications and periodicals, through the electronic dis- semination of information, through technical assistance projects, and by ensuring the presence of the expertise of members in all important inter- national heritage forums, US/ICOMOS is a major gateway for all American preservationists to develop a global dimension. Perhaps more than any other program, our twenty-year-old International Summer Intern Program best exemplifies our commitment to the import and export of best practices in heritage conservation. Through this program, more than five hundred young preservationists from sixty-one countries have been ushered into the world of international preservation practice. This global vision for the practice of heritage conservation is shared by the Getty Conservation Institute and the University of Pennsylvania Graduate Program in Historic Preservation. That common vision set the ideal foundation for our partnership in the 4th International Symposium. In its few short years, the US/ICOMOS symposium has become a central element in the annual preservation calendar of the United States, as the only programmed forum that regularly connects our national preservation community with colleagues from overseas through a single topic. Drawing from important experiences from abroad, as well as from the international professional involvement of American preservationists, vi the US/ICOMOS symposium aims to elevate our stewardship of the built environment by opening new visions to innovative approaches from all continents and cultures. These Proceedings of the 2001 symposium, like those of other years, may be treated as a stand-alone document that delves into its theme. But more than isolated efforts, each US/ICOMOS symposium builds on those that have preceded it. In this sense, there is a common thread that links the proceedings from all symposia into an important in-depth opus on the major issues and challenges that local preservation communities all over the world are facing. The success of the 4th International Symposium was a result of the indefatigable dedication of Jeanne Marie Teutonico and Frank Matero, who constituted the Scientific Committee that devised the theme, content, and structure of the event. Both Ms. Teutonico and Mr. Matero are mem- bers of the US / ICOMOS Board of Trustees and longtime supporters of our mission. In addition to their talent and knowledge, they brought with them the generous support of the Getty Conservation Institute and the University of Pennsylvania, whose human, physical, and financial resources were perfect complements to those of US/ICOMOS. This vol- ume is a testimonial to the larger commitment of the Getty Conservation Institute to the success of the symposium. Many others at the university, the Getty Conservation Institute, and other organizations contributed selflessly to the event. At the Getty Conservation Institute, US/ICOMOS owes special gratitude to its director, Timothy P. Whalen, for the continued support and encouragement he has given us for many years. At the University of Pennsylvania, special mention must be made of Suzanne Hyndman and the members of the Historic Preservation Class of 2002, who miraculously caused the many logistical obstacles to disappear before they were noticed. We would also be remiss if we did not mention the support given by the Association for Preservation Technology International (APT), driven largely by the effort of President-elect Kent Dieboldt and Stephen J Kelley Finally, a word of special thanks to the Samuel H. Kress Foundation and the National Park Service for their support of this sympo- sium. The success that US/ICOMOS has achieved in the past is attribut- able, in large part, to their trust and sustained generosity over many years. Robert C. Wilburn CHAIRMAN US/ICOMOS vii Preface Frank Matero VER THE