RAGNAR SAAGE DISSERTATIONES ARCHAEOLOGIAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 10 Metallitööpaigad Eestis 7.–17. sajandil Metallitööpaigad Eestis 7.–17. RAGNAR SAAGE Metallitööpaigad Eestis 7.–17. sajandil Metalworking Sites in Estonia during the 7th–17th Centuries Tartu 2020 1 ISSN 1736-2733 ISBN 978-9949-03-296-9 DISSERTATIONES ARCHAEOLOGIAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 10 DISSERTATIONES ARCHAEOLOGIAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 10 RAGNAR SAAGE Metallitööpaigad Eestis 7.–17. sajandil Metalworking Sites in Estonia during the 7th–17th Centuries Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond, Tartu Ülikool Käesolev väitekiri on lubatud kaitsmisele 18.12.2019 toimunud Humanitaar- teaduste ja kunstide valdkonna ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituudi nõukogu koos- oleku otsusega. Juhendajad: Andres Tvauri, PhD Tartu Ülikool Jüri Peets, PhD Tallinna Ülikool Sebastian K. T. S. Wärmländer, PhD Stockholmi Ülikool Oponent: PhD Thomas Birch (Aarhus University, School of Culture and Society – Centre for Urban Network Evolutions) Kaitsmine: 11. märts 2020. a kell 16.15 Tartu Ülikooli senati saalis, Ülikooli 18–204. Doktoritöö valmimist toetas Kultuuriteooria tippkeskus CECT ja Tartu Ülikooli ASTRA projekt PER ASPERA, mille finantseerijad on Euroopa Liidu Regionaal- arengu Fond ja Euroopa Sotsiaalfond. Lisaks finantseerisid teadustöö valmimist Eesti Haridus- ja Teadusministeeriumi Teadusfondi grandid ETF 6110 ja 7880, institutsionaalsed uurimistoetused IUT20-7, IUT18-8 ja IUT19-29 ning TLÜ Ajaloo Instituudi sihtfinantseeritav projekt SF0130012s08. ISSN 1736-2733 ISBN 978-9949-03-296-9 (trükis) ISBN 978-9949-03-297-6 (pdf) Autoriõigus: Ragnar Saage, 2020 Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus www.tyk.ee SISUKORD / TABLE OF CONTENTS ARTIKLID / LIST OF PAPERS ................................................................... 8 METALLITÖÖPAIGAD EESTIS 7.–17. SAJANDIL ................................. 9 1. SISSEJUHATUS ..................................................................................... 9 1.1. Uurimisküsimused ............................................................................. 9 1.2. Varasem uurimistöö .......................................................................... 11 1.3. Uurimistöö kulg ................................................................................ 14 2. METALLITÖÖGA SEOTUD MÕISTED ............................................... 17 3. MEETODID ............................................................................................. 19 3.1. Metallograafiline analüüs .................................................................. 19 3.2. Elementanalüüs ................................................................................. 20 3.3. Fotogramm-meetria ........................................................................... 20 4. ALLIKAD ................................................................................................ 22 4.1. Rauatöö ............................................................................................. 22 4.2. Tiiglid ja valuvormid ......................................................................... 24 5. METALLITÖÖ RAUAAJAL 7. SAJANDIST 13. SAJANDI ALGUSENI .............................................................................................. 26 5.1. Rauatöö ............................................................................................. 26 5.1.1. Rauasulatus ............................................................................. 26 5.1.2. Sepikojad ................................................................................ 28 5.1.3. Sepatöö ................................................................................... 29 5.2. Värviliste ja väärismetallide töötlemine ............................................ 33 5.2.1.Valukojad, tooraine ja tööriistad ............................................. 33 5.2.2. Tina, plii ja putteri valamine ................................................... 37 5.2.3. Metallitöölised ........................................................................ 38 6. METALLITÖÖ 13.–17. SAJANDIL ....................................................... 43 6.1. Rauatöö ............................................................................................. 43 6.1.1. Kõrgahjud ja osmund .............................................................. 43 6.1.2. Kohaliku rauasulatuse lõpp .................................................... 44 6.1.3. Sepikojad ................................................................................ 46 6.1.4. Sepatöö ................................................................................... 49 6.2. Värviliste ja väärismetallide töötlemine ............................................ 51 6.2.1. Metallitöölised ........................................................................ 51 6.2.2. Tooraine, tiiglid ja valukojad .................................................. 53 6.2.3. Tina, plii ja putteri valamine ................................................... 58 7. KOKKUVÕTE ......................................................................................... 60 5 METALWORKING SITES IN ESTONIA DURING THE 7TH–17TH CENTURIES ........................................................................ 64 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 64 1.1. Research questions ............................................................................ 64 1.2. Previous archaeometallurgical research ............................................ 66 1.3. Research overview ............................................................................ 69 2. DEFINITIONS RELATED TO METALWORKING ............................. 72 3. METHODS .............................................................................................. 73 3.1. Metallographic analysis ..................................................................... 73 3.2. Elemental analysis ............................................................................. 74 3.3. Photogrammetry ................................................................................ 74 4. SOURCES ................................................................................................ 76 4.1. Iron processing .................................................................................. 76 4.2. Non-ferrous casting ........................................................................... 78 5. METALWORKING FROM THE 7TH TO EARLY 13TH CENTURY IN ESTONIA ................................................................................................. 81 5.1. Ironworking ....................................................................................... 81 5.1.1. Ironsmelting ............................................................................ 81 5.1.2. Smithies .................................................................................. 83 5.1.3. Smithery ................................................................................. 84 5.2. Casting of non-ferrous metals ........................................................... 87 5.2.1. Workshops, metal, and tools ................................................... 87 5.2.2. Casting of tin, lead, and pewter .............................................. 91 5.2.3. Metalworkers .......................................................................... 93 6. METALWORKING FROM THE 13TH–17TH CENTURIES IN ESTONIA ................................................................................................. 96 6.1. Ironworking ....................................................................................... 96 6.1.1. Blast furnaces and the osmund ............................................... 96 6.1.2. End of local iron production ................................................... 98 6.1.3. Smithies .................................................................................. 100 6.1.4. Smithery ................................................................................. 103 6.2. Non-ferrous metalwork ..................................................................... 105 6.2.1. Metalworkers .......................................................................... 105 6.2.2. Metal, crucibles, and casting sites .......................................... 107 6.2.3. Casting of tin, lead, and pewter .............................................. 111 7. SUMMARY ............................................................................................. 113 KASUTATUD KIRJANDUS / REFERENCES ........................................... 117 Lühendid / Abbreviations ......................................................................... 117 Arhiiviallikad / Archive sources .............................................................. 117 Käsikirjad / Manuscripts .......................................................................... 117 Publikatsioonid / Publications .................................................................. 118 6 LISAD / APPENDICES ................................................................................ 125 PUBLIKATSIOONID / PUBLICATIONS ................................................... 132 ELULOOKIRJELDUS .............................................. .................................... 236 CURRICULUM VITAE ............................................................................... 238 7 ARTIKLID / LIST OF PAPERS I Saage, R., Peets, J., Tiidu, E., Maldre, L. 2015. New Research Results From the Smithy Site of Käku in 2013–2014.