A HISTORY OF WOMEN'S SPORTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA (ATHLETICS). Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors RIFFE, TERRI DEAN. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 18:27:31 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183782 INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a manuscript sent to us for publication and microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to pho­ tograph and reproduce this manuscript. the quality of the repmduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. Pages in any manuscript may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. 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"":. ~:.d -,.-., A HISTORY OF WOMEN'S SPORTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA by Terri Dean Riffe A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF HIGHER EDUCATION In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 8 6 ------------------------------.----------- - THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by ___T_e_r __ r_i __ D_e_a_n ___ R_i_f_f_e ______________________ __ entitled A History of Women's Sports at the University of Arizona and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement Doctor of Philosophy for the Degree of ------------------------------------------------------- Date Date Date 1/.;2/ / ib Date ; / Date I Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation reqUir~~ Disserfation Direc~ ---_._---..... _.. -.-. _....... STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his/her Judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: ~ ~c· --",~~ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The formulation of a dissertation committee is perhaps one of a doctoral student's major dilemmas. I considered that it would be ideal to have a chairperson who would be supportive, inspirational, and truly helpful especially in the areas of format, content, and style. I am thankful for my good fortune in having Professor Arthur Grant chair my committee for he has represented the ideal. Having a knowledgeable historian on the committee was my other priority. Dr. Karen Anderson was knowledge­ able and more. She made it necessary for me to stretch personally. Through our many discussions and her recom­ mended readings I have become much more acquainted with the history of women in America, the feminist movements, and the process of studying and writing history. For the many hours of reading and the enumerable helpful suggestions from both Professor Grant and Dr. Anderson, I am deeply appreciative. I wish to extend thanks to my other committee members, Dr. F. Robert Paulsen and Dr. Anne Atwater for their willingness to serve. To the many women and men who were willing to share their feelings and insight in interviews, I am iii iv appreciative. For those with the foresight to save and organize the symbols of the past, I express thanks. For Ina Estelle Gittings, I express gratitude from all the thousands oi women who were provided physical opportunities when it was far from popular to have them. For all those support people who assist in the processing of degree candidacy, I am grateful. They have a way of converting a veritable maze into a crooked line! A special thanks to ID¥ typist, Jo Ann Hurley, who bailed me out so many times when my computer and I were at war. I extend a special kind of thanks to those people who taught me that education was important--first, my Grandmother, Mrs. Lon F.~11ins, a Canadian prairie woman whose formal education was cut short in the third grade by the death of her mother. She spent many hours reading the dictionary with me when I was too young to know how handy the words would be later down the road! To ID¥ parents, Mr. and Mrs. Glenn Riffe, who although neither graduated from high school, provided me with the wisdom that love, respect, and sensitivity are central to all our enterprises in life. Finally, a very special thank you to Julie Padgett, for being willing to pick up the slack in all areas of my life making it possible for me to find the extra hours to complete this project. Her daily ~,A- . v encouragement and belief in m¥ ability to juggle the many demands on my time have been invaluable to me. ....'- "\ " .~~ :£..: :.. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES • . viii ABSTRACT •••• . ix 1. INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • 0 1 Statement of the Problem • • • • • • • • • • 7 Definitions • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 8 Research Questions • • 0 • • • • 9 Significance of the Study •• • • • • • • • 1" Scope and Limitations • • • • • • • 12 Assumptions 0 0 • 0 • • • • • • • • 13 Methodology • • • • • 0 • •• • . 14 2. EARLY INFLUENCES FROM EDUCATION AND SOCIETY 19 Early Influences from Education • • 2" Influences from the Society at Large • • 62 Victorianism. • • • •.• • • • • • • •• 63 Industrialization • • • • • • • • • •• 66 New Labor Saving Devices • • • • • • 7" The Growth of a Leisure Class • • • •• 72 Sports and Athletics Organizations • e 0 75 Women's Organizations • • • • • • • •• 79 Popular Publications • • • • • • 80 Sports Personalities • • • • • • • • •• 82 The Olympic Games • • • • • • • • • 85 Role Conflict for Women in Sport • 0 •• 87 Summary • • • • • • • • • • 96 3. THE EVOLUTION OF SPORTS FOR WOMEN AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA: 1893-1952 Sports Opportunities for Women • • • The Gittings' Legacy: 1929-1951 •• 4. CHANGING DIRECTIONS IN WOMEN'S SPORTS The Climate of the Times for Women • • • •• 153 Marguerite Chesney (Director, 1951-1958) •• 164 Mary Pilgrim (Director, 1958-1968) • • • •• 166 Donna Mae Miller (Director, 1968-1975) • 168 vi .,-f. ".. _4: " vii TABLE OF CONTENTS--continued Page 5. THE INTERCOLLEGIATE ERA: 1975-Present • • • . 176 The Societal Climate for Women Beginning in the 196B's • • • • • • • • • • • 177 The Growing Seeds of Intercollegiate Competition • • • • • • • • • • 180 Women's Intercollegiate Athletics (W-ICA) Begin at Ar izona • • • • • • • • • • •• 184 Title IX • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 185 The Nature of the Women's Intercollegiate Athletic Program. • • • • • • • • • 187 Affiliations and Governance •••• •• 188 The Coaches • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 196 Budget. • • • • • • • • •• • •• 199 Support Services • • • • • • ••• • •• 204 How the Changes of Expansion Have Impacted Women's Athletics • • • • • • •• 207 Mary Pavlich Roby (1959 to Present) •••• 210 6. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS 216 Conclusions . 222 Recommendations . 233 REFERENCES • . 236 INTERVIEWS • . 242 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Universi.ty of Arizona Total Budgets for the Women's Athletic Association (WAA)/ Women's Recreation Association (WRA) and Women's Intercollegiate Athletics (W~ICA) ••••••••••••••• 2liJl 2. University of Arizona Women's Intercollegiate Athletics Budgets, 1971-1982 • • • • • •• 21iJ3 viii ~. "\ -: ;" ~ ABSTRACT The intercollegiate athletic program for women at the University of