University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Mining Engineering Mining Engineering 2016 Optimal Roof Coverage and Identification of otentialP Roof Problems in Underground Coal Mines Using LED Lighting James A. Samples University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/ETD.2016.513 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Samples, James A., "Optimal Roof Coverage and Identification of otentialP Roof Problems in Underground Coal Mines Using LED Lighting" (2016). Theses and Dissertations--Mining Engineering. 32. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/mng_etds/32 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Mining Engineering at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Mining Engineering by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. James A. Samples, Student Dr. Kyle A. Perry, Major Professor Dr. Zacharias Agioutantis, Director of Graduate Studies OPTIMAL ROOF COVERAGE AND IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL ROOF PROBLEMS IN UNDERGROUND COAL MINES USING LED LIGHTING _______________________________________________________________ THESIS _______________________________________________________________ A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mining Engineering in the College of Engineering at the University of Kentucky By: James Adam Samples Lexington, Kentucky Co-Directors: Dr. Kyle A. Perry, Assistant Professor of Mining Engineering and Dr. Jhon J. Silva-Castro, Assistant Professor of Mining Engineering Lexington, Kentucky 2016 Copyright © James Adam Samples 2016 ABSTRACT OF THESIS OPTIMAL ROOF COVERAGE AND IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL ROOF PROBLEMS IN UNDERGROUND COAL MINES USING LED LIGHTING The popularity and implementation of light emitting diode (LED) lighting have increased drastically over recent years into both residential and industrial applications. However, due to MSHA permissibility requirements, LED lighting is not currently being fully utilized in underground coal mining. While previous research has focused on examining the benefits that LED lighting possesses over other common light sources, very few have been done to find the optimum configuration to illuminate underground excavations better for the safety of the miners. In this research, multiple experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential impacts LED lighting can have on underground mine safety. The optimal light setup that provided the most roof coverage was found to be between 5 and 7 feet of separation, which is similar to what is usually used on roof bolting machines. It was also determined that LED lighting performs well in terms of discontinuity identification compared to what is commonly used in underground coal mining. The results of this research will serve as a design parameter for lighting manufacturers to use. These tests were done to simulate possible lighting locations on a roof bolting machine, but the results can be employed for other underground equipment as well. KEYWORDS: Underground Coal, LED Lighting, Mine Safety, Light Distribution, Light Comparison James Adam Samples OPTIMAL ROOF COVERAGE AND IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL ROOF PROBLEMS IN UNDERGROUND COAL MINES USING LED LIGHTING By James Adam Samples Dr. Kyle A. Perry Co- Director of thesis Dr. Jhon J. Silva-Castro Co- Director of thesis Dr. Zacharias Agioutantis Director of Graduate Studies ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to thank: The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) for financial support of this work via the Capacity Building in Ground Control research grant program; Dr. Kyle Perry, primary thesis advisor and assistant professor of explosives engineering at the Missouri University of Science and Technology, for his advice, support, and encouragement, and for providing an environment that promotes independent learning among his students; Dr. Jhon Silva-Castro, thesis co-chair and assistant professor of mining engineering at the University of Kentucky, for accepting the role of advisor after the departure of Dr. Perry and for his input into the project; Dr. Thomas Novak, thesis committee member and professor of mining engineering at the University of Kentucky, for his participation and feedback; My fellow graduate students, Robert Eades and Abhinav Sharma, for their assistance during the data collection portions of the research. Ed Thompson, laboratory supervisor at the University of Kentucky department of mining engineering, for his encouragement and contributions to my education while pursuing my master’s degree. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 1.1: General ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2: Scope of Work .......................................................................................................... 2 1.3: Organization of Work .............................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................ 4 2.1: Brief history of lighting ............................................................................................ 4 2.2: Popular sources of lighting today ............................................................................. 6 2.3: Brief history of underground mine lighting ............................................................. 8 2.4: Safety concerns of electric lamps ........................................................................... 10 2.5: Advancements in underground mine lighting ........................................................ 11 2.6: LED Research ........................................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 3: MINE PANEL SIMULATION ................................................................. 32 3.1: Introduction ............................................................................................................ 32 3.2: Mine Panel Simulation Experimental Procedure ................................................... 32 3.3: Mine Panel Simulation Results .............................................................................. 38 3.4: Mine Panel Simulation Results Discussion ............................................................ 86 CHAPTER 4: DISCONTINUITY IDENTIFICATION ................................................... 89 4.1: Introduction ............................................................................................................ 89 4.2: Discontinuity Identification Experimental Procedure ............................................ 89 4.3: Discontinuity Identification Results ....................................................................... 93 4.3.1: Rock Setup One ............................................................................................... 93 4.3.2: Rock Setup Two ............................................................................................ 106 4.3.3: Rock Setup Three .......................................................................................... 120 4.4: Discontinuity Identification Discussion ..............................................................