CRATERING OF A PARTICLE BED BY A SUBSONIC TURBULENT JET By CASEY Q. LaMARCHE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2013 1 © 2013 Casey Q. LaMarche 2 To Rocky, my Mom and Cori 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank my advisor and mentor Prof. Jennifer Curtis, through your patience and guidance I have learned some of my most important life lessons. I am indebted to you for all of the knowledge you have provided to me. I would also like to thank my mother for offering me unconditional love and support through all of my journeys. Cori, you are my rock, I have so much to thank you for that goes beyond the text that can be contained here. I would also like to thank one of my mentors, Dr. Phil Metzger, for sharing his expertise in this area and teaching me I that if anything ever goes wrong, “it was put there.” I would like to thank my father for all of his love and help. Thomas Lemee, our long discussions of fluid mechanics never stop exciting me. I would also like to thank Stephen Arce for being an all-around great friend and showing me how aspects of granular flow can be used in interesting ways in different fields like biology. Jess Clawson and Mrs. Dahl I appreciate all of your help. Braden Snook and Gabe Tong have taught me more then they probably know. I hope they continue letting me mentor them. I would also like to acknowledge PIRE-NSF and NASA STTR Phase I and II for funding the work that is contained in this dissertation. I am grateful to Prof. Ranga Narayanan and Bungo Shiotani for all of their work for the PIRE program. I would like to acknowledge my officemates for the rich experiences we have shared. Thank you to Prof. Dickinson for the work you have done for the graduate students, you have worked with us on so many occasions to bring the department together as a cohesive unit. To all of my friends – thank you for keeping me sane. I owe you all so much. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. 8 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... 9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ 12 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTERS 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 15 Future Terrestrial Space Exploration ....................................................................... 15 Previous Example: Apollo 12 Landing on Lunar Surface (Metzger et al., 2008) ..... 16 Permeability of Lunar Simulant JSC-1A .................................................................. 17 Multiphase Flow Modeling ....................................................................................... 18 Effects of Particle Shape on Cratering ..................................................................... 19 Cohesion and Fine Particles .................................................................................... 21 Cratering Mechanisms ............................................................................................. 22 Scaling Asymptotic Crater Depth ............................................................................. 24 Lunar Soil Simulants ................................................................................................ 26 2 PERMEABILITY OF LUNAR SOIL SIMULANT JSC-1A .......................................... 28 Motivation ................................................................................................................ 28 Background and Theory .......................................................................................... 28 Experimental Hardware and Techniques ................................................................. 31 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................... 33 Summary ................................................................................................................. 39 3 MODELING CRATER GROWTH USING THE TWO-FLUID MODEL ..................... 46 Motivation ................................................................................................................ 46 Model Equations ...................................................................................................... 48 Governing Equations ......................................................................................... 48 Frictional Stress Model ...................................................................................... 50 Methods ................................................................................................................... 53 Experimental Setup of Metzger et al. (2009a) ................................................... 53 Simulation Setup ............................................................................................... 53 Model Sensitivity ............................................................................................... 55 Experimental Validation ..................................................................................... 56 Simulation Predictions ....................................................................................... 56 5 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................... 57 Sensitivity Results ............................................................................................. 57 Frictional Model Study ....................................................................................... 58 Parametric Study – Measured and Predicted Crater Growth ............................ 61 Long Time Simulation ........................................................................................ 62 Domain Sensitivity – Effect of Center Wall ........................................................ 64 Simulations of Turning the Jet Off ..................................................................... 66 Cratering Mechanics ......................................................................................... 67 Summary ................................................................................................................. 71 4 EFFECT OF PARTICLE PROPERTIES ON CRATER DYNAMICS ........................ 98 Motivation ................................................................................................................ 98 Background .............................................................................................................. 98 Materials and Methods .......................................................................................... 101 Results and Discussions ........................................................................................ 105 Cratering Large Glass Spheres ....................................................................... 105 Effect of Particle Size and Density on Crater Growth ...................................... 110 Effect of Particle Shape on Crater Growth ...................................................... 115 Scaling Asymptotic Crater Depth .................................................................... 123 Summary ............................................................................................................... 129 5 CRATERING UNDER LUNAR CONDITIONS ....................................................... 151 Motivation .............................................................................................................. 151 Background ............................................................................................................ 151 Experimental Methods ........................................................................................... 156 HOOSH Based Experiments ........................................................................... 156 Lunar Regolith Experiments ............................................................................ 158 JSC-1A Bulk Density Cratering Experiments .................................................. 160 Results and Discussion ......................................................................................... 161 HOOSH Variable Gravity Experiments ............................................................ 161 Cratering of JSC-1A: Effect of Bulk Density and Jet Velocity .......................... 163 Segregation of JSC-1A During Cratering ........................................................ 165 Cratering Rates of Sieved JSC-1A versus Glass Spheres .............................. 165 Crater growth for Lunar Soil Simulants Chenobi and JSC-1A ......................... 167 Crater Shape Variations .................................................................................. 169 Scaling the Asymptotic Crater Depth .............................................................. 170 Summary ............................................................................................................... 172 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................