Revankar and Senthil 1 Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources: A headline from the Chicago Defender at its height of operations. The Chicago Defender. https://www.libertarianism.org/articles/chicago-defender-how-black-owned-newspaper-fo ught-racial-equality This primary source is a picture of a headline from the Chicago Defender editorial during the heights of its operation. While we talked about how the federal government didn’t favor the publishing of the paper due to its radical views and support for popular demands for safety, equal rights, and the recognition of black soldiers who fought in Europe, this image shows the other face of the federal government that responded to the demands of African Americans and addressed the injustice. Chicago Defender Charities archives. (n.d.). Retrieved April 14, 2021, from https://chicagodefender.com/tag/chicago-defender-charities/ This page from the Chicago Defender (Chicago Defender Charities) gave us many images to put on our website. These images mostly helped us explain the long and short term impacts of the Chicago Defender. Davey, Monica, and John Eligon. “The Chicago Defender, Legendary Black Newspaper, Prints Last Copy.” The New York Times, 9 July 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/07/09/us/chicago-defender-newspaper.html. This New York Times issue talks about the legacy the Chicago Defender has left behind after publishing over a century. It talks about how the current challenges the paper is facing due to a shift to technology for news instead of papers and gives an in-depth history of how it all started. From this source, we were able to use many images and Revankar and Senthil 2 quotes (primary sources) for our website to portray the impact the paper had on society in multiple ways. “Front Page of the Chicago Defender.” Chicago Defender, 4 Apr. 1925. This front page of the Chicago Defender features the main headline for the day“Klan burns k…” This image depicts the gruesome acts of the Ku Klux Klan towards Black Americans and Abbotts honest coverage of these crimes. It shows that the Defender wasn’t afraid to write about controversial events happening in the South and was campaigning for a change of the Black Americans. “Front Page of the Chicago Defender.” Chicago Defender, 21 July 1951. This front page of the Chicago Defender features the main headline for the day “Cicero Riots Over Vets,” and we believed this would be a perfect image to use for our background collage for our website, because it justifies a claim we made regarding the paper--that it sought to call out the constant violence and rioting associated with race. Because this was an everyday topic for the paper, we felt it was important to include this example. “Front Page of the Chicago Defender.” Chicago Defender, 6 May 1926. This front page of the Chicago Defender features the main headline for the day “Bessie Coleman, Aviatrix, Killed,” and we knew that this picture of the paper would also be perfect for the putting together the background for our website because it provided a visual depiction of the way the Defender followed the stories of great Black American figures, such as Bessie Coleman. In this case, the headline announces Coleman’s death, Revankar and Senthil 3 so this image also testifies to the way the Defender wouldn't shy away from sharing strong emotions, such as grief, with its audience. “Front Page of the Chicago Defender.” Chicago Defender, 29 Oct. 1955. This front page of the Chicago Defender features the main headline for the day “Hooded Men Shoot 12 In Dixie.” We used this image of the paper for the background because it provided an example of the blunt, honest language that the Defender wrote with. The headline in this case serves to not only provoke caution, but also call attention to the prevalence of hate crimes all across the country. “Front Page of the Chicago Defender.” Chicago Defender, 10 Sept. 1955. This front page of the Chicago Defender displays various headlines surrounding the lynching of a 14-year old boy, Emmett Till. We believed this would be a perfect fit for our background because it serves as justification for our discussion of how the Defender really brought the most painful, often controversial topics into national spotlight. In other words, this front page justifies our characterization of the paper. Front page of the Chicago Defender on August 2, 1919. (2020, June 2). Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://www.chicagohistory.org/chi1919/ (Originally photographed 1919, August 2). This image served as the background image for our website. Though not all the text is visible, the big, bold words “RIOT SWEEPS” in a way represent the truth of black lives during the early 20th century that Abbott made his goal to share with everyone. Jackson, Jay. “‘As Others See Us: Untouchable.’” Chicago Defender, 1934 July 1934. Revankar and Senthil 4 This primary source is a cartoon from a 1934 edition of the Chicago Defender. The cartoon’s portrayal of a complex situation, the divisiveness amongst black Americans, especially with regards to differences between skin tones, implies that the Chicago Defender had a fairly comprehensive understanding of the social situation afflicting black Americans. Many other cartoons by Jay Jackson portray similar social tensions, and these helped to shed light on the nuances of societal oppression. Jackson, Jay. “Bungleton Green.” The Chicago Defender, 28 Nov. 1942. This cartoon titled “Bungletoon Green,” is part of a larger series of cartoons published in various issues of the Chicago Defender. This particular cartoon depicts a young black superhero--a rare fictional character to come across in the early 20th century. The public wasn’t used to black characters being propped up as a character or personality of heroes, and so this cartoon depicted a unique circumstance, substantiating our argument that the Chicago Defender uplifted the black community. Jackson, Jay. “‘That's Not the Way to Spell Ignorant Savages.’” Chicago Defender, 8 July 1939. This cartoon by notable cartoonist for the Chicago Defender Jay Jackson is satirical in that it mocks the way imperialism and the white man has installed a superiority complex over black people. The Chicago Defender’s cartoons were known for their personality, and successfully called attention to underlying social tension between racial groups and inherent biases against black Americans. Jacob Lawrence. "One-Way Ticket." Museum of Modern Art courtesy The Phillips Collection, Washington D.C. via AP(The Associated Press) Revankar and Senthil 5 This image is a very popular painting depicting the mass migration of blacks from the south to the north during the early twentieth century–the Great Migration. We used this image on our tab about the influence of the Chicago Defender on the Great Migration. Since this painting is a popular representation of the Great Migration, we thought it would fit with the content on the page. Jan Voogd. “Race Riots and Resistance: The Red Summer of 1919,” (New York: Peter Lang, 2008), 165. Accessed 2 Mar. 2021. This website provided us with a quote describing the challenges the Chicago Defender faced through its journey of propagating the black story to the racially diverse (and divided) America. Katz, Brigit. “The 'Chicago Defender,' an Iconic Black Newspaper, to Release Its Last Print Issue.” Smithsonian.com, Smithsonian Institution, 9 July 2019, www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/chicago-defender-iconic-black-newspaper-releasi ng-its-last-print-issue-180972586/. This article gave a brief history of the paper and Abbot, the man behind the paper. It complemented the information we found in other sources. We used an image (“Exterior view of the "Chicago Defender" building in the 1950s”) and a quote from this article on our website. “‘Letters of Negro Migrants of 1916-1918’ Published in The Journal of Negro History (July and October, 1919).” Great Migration Letters, 1918-1918, history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/260GMigration.html. This primary source provided first-hand accounts of black migrants from the time period 1916-1918, or during the time of the Great Migration. This group of letters helped to Revankar and Senthil 6 provide insight into the perspectives of black migrants, and facilitated our understanding of the Chicago Defender’s relationship to the Great Migration. “One Must Be Extinguished.” Chicago Defender, 31 Mar. 1923. This primary source depicts the struggle between liberty and the Ku Klux Klan, in regards to the Chicago Defender, because as emphasized by Abbott in the editorial provided in this March issue, the Ku Klux Klan was a major opponent of the paper, and it sought to restrict the paper’s influence on the advocacy for civil rights. Abbott’s frank tone in this editorial certainly demonstrates the Defender’s characteristically straightforward, outspoken stance on these issues. “‘Sir I Will Thank You with All My Heart’: Seven Letters from the Great Migration.” HISTORY MATTERS - The U.S. Survey Course on the Web, historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5332/. This online primary source was retrieved from the “History Matters” website, and featured a compilation of seven letters, originally handwritten, regarding the Great Migration. These letters aided in developing our understanding around the financial struggles of black families at the time, as they conveyed true feelings regarding the oppressive economic circumstances of the South. The specific quote from Natchez displays desperation and fear regarding his family’s economic struggles, and implies that a move to the North might mean recovery. Shelton, Paul. Contributing Writer July 23. “Black Live Matters Files Lawsuit against the Federal Government, CPD and the Fraternal Order of Police.” Chicago Defender, 24 July 2020, Revankar and Senthil 7 chicagodefender.com/black-live-matters-files-lawsuit-against-the-federal-government-cp d-and-the-fraternal-order-of-police/.