LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS IN MELANESIA Journal of the Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea ISSN: 0023-1959 LLM SPECIAL ISSUE 2021 Eight Languages of the Admiralty Islands, Papua New Guinea Robert Blust University of Hawai'i 0 Website: www.langlxmelanesia.com Email: [email protected] Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2021 ISSN: 0023-1959 EIGHT LANGUAGES OF THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS, PAPUA NEW GUINEA TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables..... 6 Abbreviatopns ...................... 9 Acknowledgements .............. 10 INTRODUCTION AND AIMS . 11 PLAN OF DESCRIPTION . 12 SKETCH 1: SEIMAT 1.1. Introduction . 18 1.2. Phonology . 19 1.3. Grammar . 23 1.3.1. The counting system . 23 1.3.2. Personal pronouns . 26 1.3.3. Possessive pronouns . 28 1.3.4. Demonstratives . 32 1.3.5. Locatives and directionals . 33 1.3.6. Questions . 34 1.3.7. Causatives . 35 1.3.8. The attributive suffix . 36 1.3.9. Transitives . 38 1.3.10. Imperatives . 39 1.3.11. Tense/aspect . 40 1.3.12. Miscellaneous . 43 l.4. Lexicon: Seimat-English vocabulary . 45 1.4.1. English-Seimat index . 68 1.5. Historical phonology . 85 1.6. Seimat reflexes of Proto-Oceanic and Proto-Admiralty . 90 1.7. Secondary nasal grade in the Admiralties . 93 SKETCH 2: BIPI 2.1. Introduction . 96 2.2. Phonology . 96 2.3. Grammar . 99 2.3.1. The counting system . 99 2.3.2. Personal pronouns . 101 2.3.3. Possessive pronouns . 104 2.3.4. Demonstratives . 106 1 Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2021 ISSN: 0023-1959 2.3.5. Locatives and directionals . 107 2.3.6. Questions . 108 2.3.7. Causatives . 110 2.3.8.The attributive suffix 110 2.3.9. Reciprocals and reflexives . 111 2.3.10. Imperatives . 112 2.3.11. Tense/aspect . 113 2.3.12. Miscellaneous . 114 2.4 Lexicon: Bipi-English vocabulary . 117 2.4.1. English-Bipi index . 138 2.5. Historical phonology . 154 2.6. Bipi reflexes of Proto-Oceanic and Proto-Admiralty . 163 SKETCH 3: LINDROU 3.1. Introduction . 167 3.2. Phonology . 167 3.3. Grammar . 172 3.3.1. The counting system . 173 3.3.2. Personal pronouns . 174 3.3.3. Possessive pronouns . 176 3.3.4. Demonstratives . 177 3.3.5. Locatives and directionals . 178 3.3.6. Questions. 178 3.3.7. Causatives. 179 3.3.8. Fossilized affixes. 179 3.3.9. Reciprocals and reflexives. 180 3.3.10. Imperatives . 180 3.3.11. Tense/aspect . 182 3.3.12. Miscellaneous . 182 3.4. Lexicon: Lindrou-English vocabulary . 184 3.4.1. English-Lindrou index . 204 3.5. Historical phonology . 222 3.6. Lindrou reflexes of Proto-Oceanic and Proto-Admiralty . 231 SKETCH 4: SORI 4.1. Introduction . 236 4.2. Phonology . 236 4.3. Grammar . 238 4.3.1. The counting system . 238 4.3.2. Personal pronouns . 240 4.3.3. Possessive pronouns . 242 4.3.4. Demonstratives . 243 4.3.5. Locatives and directionals . 244 4.3.6. Questions . 244 4.3.7. Causatives . 245 4.3.8. The transitive suffix . 246 2 Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2021 ISSN: 0023-1959 4.3.9. Imperatives . 246 4.3.10. Tense/aspect . 248 4.3.11. Miscellaneous . 248 4.4. Lexicon: Sori-English vocabulary . 250 4.4.1. English-Sori index. 266 4.5. Historical phonology . 279 4.6. Sori reflexes of Proto-Oceanic and Proto-Admiralty . 286 SKETCH 5: LIKUM 5.1. Introduction . 290 5.2. Phonology . 290 5.2.1. Phoneme inventory . 290 5.2.2. Phonotactics . 296 5.2.3. Phonological processes . 296 5.3. Grammar . 297 5.3.1. The counting system . 297 5.3.2. Personal pronouns . 300 5.3.3. Possessive pronouns . 304 5.3.4. Demonstratives . 308 5.3.5. Locatives and directionals . 308 5.3.6. Questions . 310 5.3.7. Causatives . 311 5.3.8. The attributive suffix . 311 5.3.9. Reciprocals and reflexives . 312 5.3.10. Imperatives . 313 5.3.11. Tense/aspect . 313 5.3.12. Morphology . 314 5.3.13. Miscellaneous . 317 5.4. Lexicon: Likum-English vocabulary . 318 5.4.1. English-Likum index . 342 5.5. Historical phonology . 359 5.6. Likum reflexes of Proto-Oceanic and Proto-Admiralty . 370 SKETCH 6: LONIU 6.1. Introduction . 375 6.2. Phonology . 375 6.2.1. Phoneme inventory . 376 6.2.2. Phonotactics . 381 6.2.3. Phonological processes . 382 6.3. Grammar . 384 6.3.1. The counting system . 384 6.3.2. Personal pronouns. 388 6.3.3. Possessive pronouns . 391 6.3.4. Demonstratives . 394 6.3.5. Locatives and directionals . 395 6.3.6. Questions. 397 3 Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2021 ISSN: 0023-1959 6.3.7. Causatives . 398 6.3.8. The attributive suffix . 398 6.3.9. Reciprocals and reflexives. 399 6.3.10. Imperatives . 400 6.3.11. Tense/aspect . 400 6.3.12. Miscellaneous . 403 6.4. Lexicon: Loniu-English vocabulary . 404 6.4.1. English-Loniu index . 434 6.5. Historical phonology . 456 6.6. Loniu reflexes of Proto-Oceanic and Proto-Admiralty . 466 6.7. The Loniu-Bipi connection . 469 SKETCH 7: PAK 7.1. Introduction . 481 7.2. Phonology . 481 7.3. Grammar . 485 7.3.1. The counting system . 485 7.3.2. Personal pronouns . 486 7.3.7. Possessive pronouns . 488 7.3.4. Demonstratives . 490 7.3.5. Locatives and directionals . 490 7.3.6. Questions . 491 7.3.7. Causatives . 492 7.3.8. The attributive suffix . 492 7.3.9. Reciprocals and reflexives . 493 7.3.10. Imperatives . 493 7.3.11. Tense/aspect . 493 7.3.12. Miscellaneous . 494 7.4. Lexicon: Pak-English vocabulary . 495 7.4.1. English-Pak index . 513 7.5. Historical phonology . 530 7.6. Pak reflexes of Proto-Oceanic and Proto-Admiralty . 537 7.7. The linguistic position of Pak . 541 7.7.1. Replacement innovations in the lower numerals . 541 7.7.2. Exclusively shared innovations in the color terms . 542 7.7.3. Exclusively shared innovations in body-part terminology . 543 7.7.4. Other proposed lexical innovations pointing to Pak as a SEA language. 543 SKETCH 8: NAUNA 8.1. Introduction . 547 8,2. Phonology . 547 8.3. Grammar . 551 8.3.1. The counting system . 551 8.3.2. Personal pronouns . 552 8.3.3. Possessive pronouns . 555 4 Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2021 ISSN: 0023-1959 8.3.4. Demonstratives . 556 8.3.5. Locatives and directionals . 557 8.3.6. Questions . 558 8.3.7. The copula . 560 8.3.8. The attributive suffix . 560 8.3.9. The genitive suffix . 562 8.3.10. Reciprocals and reflexives . 563 8.3.11. Imperatives . 563 8.3.12. Tense/aspect . 565 8.3.13. Miscellaneous . 565 8.4. Lexicon: Nauna-English vocabulary . 567 8.4.1. English-Nauna index . 590 8.5. Historical phonology . 609 8.6. Nauna reflexes of Proto-Oceanic and Proto-Admiralty . 617 Appendix 1: Modified Swadesh 200-word list for the eight languages . 623 REFERENCES . 637 5 Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2021 ISSN: 0023-1959 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure: Internal structure of the Admiralty subgroup of Austronesian languages . 11 Map: 26 languages of the Admiralty Islands . 12 Table 0.1: Approximate number of contact hours with languages of the Admiralties 13 Table 0.2: Proto-Oceanic consonants . 16 Table 1.1: The consonant phonemes of Seimat . 19 Table 1.2: Thematic vowels in Seimat possessive constructions . 21 Table 1.3: Seimat numerals used in serial counting . 23 Table 1.4: Seimat numerals used in counting people . 25 Table 1.5: Seimat numerals used in counting animals . 25 Table 1.6: Seimat numerals used in counting trees . 26 Table 1.7: Seimat personal/free pronouns . 26 Table 1.8: Seimat possessive pronouns . 28 Table 1.9: Seimat possessive classifiers . 29 Table 1.10: Evidence for Seimat -an ‘marker of attribution’ . 37 Table 1.11: Seimat evidence for fossilized *-i ‘close transitive suffix’ . 38 Table 1.12: Seimat reflexes of POC consonants . 85 Table 1.13: The development of secondary nasal grade consonants in languages of the Admiralties . 95 Table 2.1: The consonant phonemes of Bipi . 96 Table 2.2: Bipi numerals used in serial counting . 99 Table 2.3: Bipi personal pronouns . 101 Table 2.4: The two types of possessive construction in Bipi . 104 Table 2.5: Possessive paradigms for /mata/ ‘eye’ and niw ‘coconut’ . 106 Table 2.6: Evidence for Bipi -n ‘marker of attribution’ . 110 Table 2.7: Evidence of /a/ : /e/ variation in the paradigm for ‘to plant’ . 114 Table 2.8: Canonical reduction of Proto-Oceanic word forms in Bipi . 155 Table 2.9: Bipi reflexes of POC consonants . 155 Table 3.1: The segmental phonemes of Lindrou . 167 Table 3.2: Minimal and near-minimal pairs distinguished by stress in Lindrou . 170 Table 3.3: Minimal and near-minimal pairs distinguished by consonant length in Lindrou 172 Table 3.4: Lindrou numerals used in serial counting . 173 Table 3.5: Lindrou personal pronouns . 174 Table 3.6: Direct possessive marking in Lindrou . 176 Table 3.7: Indirect possessive marking in Lindrou . 176 Table 3.8: Canonical reduction of Proto-Oceanic word forms in Lindrou . 223 Table 3.9: Lindrou reflexes of Proto-Oceanic consonants . 223 Table 3.10: Conversion of penultimate to final stress by vowel apocope . 231 Table 4.1: The segmental phonemes of Sori . 236 Table 4.2: Sori numerals used in serial counting . 238 Table 4.3: Sori personal/free pronouns . 240 Table 4.4: Direct pronominal possession in Sori .