Women’s Archives and Women’s History (Joan Wallach Scott’s comments on the dedication of the Christine Dunlap Farnham Archives, October 10, 1986) No Documents, No History any of us are here today to celebrate the Mopening of the Christine Dunlap Farnham Archives, a collection within the University library archives especially dedicated to the history of women at Brown, in the state of Rhode Island, and more generally in the United States. These Christine Dunlap Farnham Archives archives bring into visibility and make accessible to scholars and researchers the history of women at the University and the history of women’s activities Photo Credit: as private and public figures in the towns and cities of this state. These archives, too, are part of a long and honored tradition of establishing women’s archives, a tradition that–not at all coin- cidentally–began in the 1890s and early 1900s around the time the Women’s College was found- ed. For there is a connection between the pursuit of women’s education and the documentation of women’s past activities. The women and men who insisted that women were capable of and entitled to learning also understood the importance of pro- viding historical evidence about women’s capabili- ties–and for that they needed records. Christine Dunlap Farnham ’48 was the first chair of the Pembroke Associates Council and an early supporter of establishing an archives Although books and articles on the history of of Brown and Rhode Island women. women have appeared throughout the ages, the practice of creating special collections and archives rience that women in the past had been neglected for women is a relatively recent phenomenon, not in major libraries and document collections, and quite a century old. It is only in the last few years they wanted to be sure that would not happen to that historians have become aware that there was a them. Some also wanted to make the experiences pattern to the establishment of women’s archives in of their predecessors visible to present and future Western Europe and the United States. It turns generations. “Seeking information regarding out that dozens of collections, large and small, women of bygone days,” wrote one of these dedi- were begun in the first decades of the twentieth cated collectors, “is like looking for a needle in the century, usually by women active in the suffrage proverbial haystack of historical writings.” movement or in some other enterprise devoted to Without visibility, they knew, women would not improving women’s access to education, employ- be included in the record of the past and so would ment, the professions, public and political life. have no sense of historical memory or identity. These women had a sense that they were making Mary Beard put it very succinctly when she set out history and that the memory of their activity must to organize a world center for women’s archives in be preserved for posterity. They knew from expe- 1935: “No documents. No history.” 1 “Memory,” the philosopher/historian Michel secure official status for her books and papers. Foucault has written, “is actually a very important And in 1932, with all the arrangements in place, factor in struggle. If one controls people’s she turned her collection over to the city. That memory, one controls their dynamism. It is library still flourishes as an independent institu- vital to have possession of this memory, to control tion today. it, administer it, tell it what it must contain.” Archives provide the stuff of memory, the raw The other French collection has a very different materials out of which collective identity and a and in some ways more typical story. Marie- place in history are fashioned. And so it is not Louise Bouglé (1883–1936) came from a poor surprising that archives became the concern of family, and she craved the kind of education that those preoccupied with women’s collective identi- would have enabled her to read and buy books. ty, a preoccupation that took the form, in the Instead, she worked at various jobs in Paris and in early years of the twentieth century, of a move- the 1920s joined women’s and pacifist groups. ment for education, employment, and the vote. She was surrounded by women intent on creating a history of their current activities and its links to Today I want to spend some time looking at the women in the past. Their small apartments were history of women’s archives. It is instructive, it is crammed with papers and books; one was writing full of wonderful stories, and it will help us grasp a women’s encyclopedia that came to 166 vol- the full significance of the Farnham Archives at umes; another clipped any articles in any newspa- Brown University. pers having anything to do with women. The death of any of these women created not only sad- ness but consternation. Who would take over a A Preoccupation with Women’s collection? Who would preserve and carry on the Collective Identity job of amassing women’s archives? Usually, in the 1920s and early 1930s, it was Marie-Louise In England, the great repository for women’s Bouglé who took over her colleagues’ accumula- papers is the Fawcett Collection, an extensive tions of paper when they could find no other library built around the papers of two formidable home. Bouglé articulated the motive that many leaders of the women’s movement. Millicent of the group must have shared: Garrett Fawcett headed the National Women’s The thought that all our efforts and ideas might Suffrage Society and actually negotiated the details be lost to the future worried me. I resolved to of the legislation that granted British women the collect everything concerning present day vote in 1918. Her sister, Louise Garrett women’s activities. From there to the past was Anderson, was one of the first women doctors in an easy step. Time pressed. Collections England and a longtime advocate of education as appeared each day and they had to be saved. I well as professional access for women. Their told myself that what I saved would (last forev- papers are the basis of this now vast collection. er). And then began the development of a pas- In France, there are two major women’s archival sion I didn’t know I had. The usefulness of my collections. One, begun by Marguerite Durand research, the growing interest in it, the success of (1864–1936), a feminist journalist, grew out of my searches (for more books and papers), all con- Durand’s clippings and articles from her newspa- tributed. At first, I planned only to save a few per, La Fronde. Over the years she enlarged the documents, but as days passed, I filled a room collection to include books and various papers, with books, pamphlets, newspapers, documents and she invited the public to consult these of all sorts, often rare and of great value and I resources. (Lucky visitors to her library were found myself creating the vast library I had so invited to join Miss Durand for tea.) An extreme- yearned to have. ly enterprising and shrewd planner, Durand began negotiations with the city of Paris in 1930 to 2 Each day after work, Marie-Louise Bouglé visit- And she did more. She catalogued the entire col- ed bookstores, riffling through materials until she lection, making it visible and available for future found some treasure. She spared no expense. In scholars. She worked on the catalogue, moreover, fact, in many years she spent more on her archives under the direction of Michelle Perrot, the preem- than on rent, food, and clothes combined. Shop inent historian of women in France today. owners began to put aside “Bouglé-type books” (livres du genre Bouglé). She would pay for them, In April this year I visited the Netherlands for take them home, and fill out a catalogue card the first time, and in Amsterdam I went to the immediately. In three years, Bouglé had twelve International Archives of the Women’s Movement thousand documents assembled; by 1923, she (IAWM). Established in 1935 with the support opened her “library” to the public two evenings a especially of women who had been active in paci- week. Can you imagine the fervor that inspired fist movements during World War I, the archive her not only to possess but to make available her flourished for a few years. Its driving force was collection so that the work of creating women’s Rosa Manus, an active member of international history, fashioning collective memory, would hap- feminist organizations. She not only donated her pen? When Bouglé died in 1936, those who own extensive collections but wrote to women all knew about her work set up a Society of Friends over the world asking for donations. During of the Marie-Louise Bouglé Library and tried to World War II, the Nazis confiscated the archive. raise enough money to protect and permanently Some of its contents were lost, some were trans- house the collection. They were not successful ferred to Germany and have disappeared, some of and in 1942 her husband tried to donate the by- it was saved. After the war, the archive became a then crumbling and disordered lot to the part of the International Institute of Social Bibliothèque Nationale. But that great library’s History. In the 1960s, the rebirth of the women’s curators deemed the collection insignificant movement led to increased interest in and use of (thereby proving the need for separate women’s the library, and in 1981 it moved to its own, larg- libraries and archives).