UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Teruggang en uittreding: processen van deradicalisering ontleed Demant, F.; Slootman, M.; Buijs, F.; Tillie, J.N. Publication date 2008 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Demant, F., Slootman, M., Buijs, F., & Tillie, J. N. (2008). Teruggang en uittreding: processen van deradicalisering ontleed. IMES. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:25 Sep 2021 Decline and Disengagement An Analysis of Processes of Deradicalisation Froukje Demant Marieke Slootman Frank Buijs Jean Tillie IMES Reports Series IMES Amsterdam © 2008, IMES/Froukje Demant, Marieke Slootman, Frank Buijs & Jean Tillie All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sys- tem or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, re- cording or otherwise without the written permission of the authors. Cover photo: © Roeland Koning/ Studio Koning IMES (Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies) Founded in 1994 at the University of Amsterdam, the Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies (IMES) is an interdisciplinary research institute that focuses on issues related to migration and integration from an international and comparative perspective. IMES helps to develop educational programmes and implements degrees at the levels of BA, MA and PhD. IMES also engages in the advisory and monitoring of various activities. The institute works closely with other national and international academic institutes and organisations in the field of migration. The Network Office of the Network of Excel- lence IMISCOE and the European Secretariat of Metropolis International are both lo- cated at IMES. You can order titles in the IMES Reports Series via the IMES secretariat ([email protected]) or download them from the IMES Website (www.imes.uva.nl) Other titles in the IMES Report Series • Een gekleurd advies? Een onderzoek naar de participatie van etnische minderheden in landelijke adviescolleges en gemeentelijke overlegstructuren, (2001), Rick Wolff and Maria Berger • Tussen toko en topzaak. Allochtoon ondernemerschap in de detailhandel en de betekenis van her- komstachtergronden, (2001), August Choenni • Kleurrijk talent. Allochtonen werkzaam in wetenschappelijk onderwijs en onderzoek, (2002), Maurice Crul, Karen Kraal, Adem Kumcu and Rinus Penninx • Amsterdamse Polyfonie. Opkomst en stemgedrag van allochtone Amsterdammers bij de gemeente- raads- en deelraadsverkiezingen van 6 maart 2002, (2003), Laure Michon and Jean Tillie • Dossier Y-markt. Relaas van een mislukt Amsterdams prestigeproject, (2003), Cathelijne Pool • Evaluatie landelijk ondersteuningsprogramma mentoring, (2004), Maurice Crul and Karen Kraal • Politiek, migranten en informele economie. Politieke en bestuurlijke ontwikkelingen ten aanzien van de Amsterdamse confectieateliers, 1980-1997, (2004), Marja Dreef • Processen van Radicalisering. Waarom sommige Amsterdamse moslims radicaal worden, (2006), Marieke Slootman and Jean Tillie • Opkomst en partijvoorkeur van migranten bij de gemeenteraadsverkiezingen van 7 maart 2006, (2006), Anja van Heelsum and Jean Tillie Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................6 SUMMARY.............................................................................................................................................7 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................12 1.1 RADICALISATION AND DERADICALISATION ..................................................................................12 1.2 A STUDY INTO DERADICALISATION...............................................................................................14 1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT..........................................................................................................15 2. COLLECTIVE DERADICALISATION: THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK..................17 2.1 THE RADICAL GROUP AS A SOCIAL MOVEMENT.............................................................................17 2.1.a Barriers against disengagement ..........................................................................................18 2.2 SUPPLY: FACTORS LINKED TO THE MOVEMENT .............................................................................20 2.2.a Formulating an ideology......................................................................................................20 2.2.b Organisational capacity.......................................................................................................21 2.2.c Leadership............................................................................................................................21 2.2.d Summary: Factors linked to the movement that may influence decline ..............................22 2.3 DEMAND: NEEDS OF THE MEMBERS...............................................................................................22 2.4 CONTEXT: EXTERNAL FACTORS....................................................................................................23 2.4.a Conflicts within society ........................................................................................................23 2.4.b Government policy...............................................................................................................24 2.4.c Public support ......................................................................................................................25 2.4.d Competing movements .........................................................................................................26 2.4.e Summary: Context factors that may influence decline .........................................................26 2.5 BARRIERS TO DISENGAGEMENT ....................................................................................................26 2.5.a Sects .....................................................................................................................................26 2.5.b Gangs...................................................................................................................................28 2.6 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................29 3. DECLINE OF RADICAL MOVEMENTS: CASES IN THE NETHERLANDS .......................32 3.1 RADICAL MOLUCCANS IN THE 1970S............................................................................................32 3.1.a The RMS: backgrounds and political mobilisation..............................................................32 3.1.b Radicalisation due to the rise of the second generation.......................................................35 3.1.c Moderation of the RMS struggle ..........................................................................................40 3.1.d Radical Moluccans and the collective framework ...............................................................42 3.2 THE SQUATTERS’ MOVEMENT IN AMSTERDAM .............................................................................44 3.2.a The rise of the squatters’ movement.....................................................................................44 3.2.b Hardening of the conflict .....................................................................................................46 3.2.c Decline of the squatters’ movement .....................................................................................48 3.2.d Fragmentation, spreading out, running out of steam...........................................................51 3.2.e The RARA.............................................................................................................................52 3.2.f The squatters’ movement and the collective framework .......................................................54 3.3 THE EXTREME RIGHT AND THE EXTREME RIGHT-WING CENTRE PARTIES ......................................56 3.3.a The extreme right movement................................................................................................56 3.3.b The case of the extreme right-wing Centre parties ..............................................................59 3.3.c The extreme right-wing Centre parties and the collective framework .................................64 3.4 THE THREE CASES IN THE NETHERLANDS: A SUMMARY ...............................................................67 4. DECLINE OF RELIGIOUS FORMS OF RADICALISM...........................................................72