20/09/2018 Satellite Navigation and Surveillance Systems Mauro Leonardi Tor Vergata University -DRAFT- 1 RNS • First Semester – Second Year • 9 CFU (also 6CFU) • Aims: – Knowledge of system architectures, the technological solutions and infrastructure for the Air Traffic Management and Vessel Traffic • (CNS / ATM: Communications, Navigation, Surveillance / Air Traffic Management). – Knowledge of the systems and methods of navigation in particular, with emphasis on satellite systems • (GPS, GLONASS and Galileo), -DRAFT- 2 1 20/09/2018 RNS • Topics – Navigation and radio facilities; – Satellite Navigation and its performance (accuracy, continuity, availability, integrity); – Sources of error, dilution of precision (DOP parameters); – the receiver. – GNSS: existing and on development (GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, Beidou ….). – Integrity monitoring & Augmentation (DGPS, LAAS, WAAS, GBAS). -DRAFT- 3 RNS • Topics – Air traffic control and related surveillance systems (PSR, SSR, MLAT-WAM, ADS-B). – Traffic control of airport (SMGCS and sensors: SMR, ADS-B, local MLAT). – Marine traffic control (VTS, VTMS, coastal radar, AIS). -DRAFT- 4 2 20/09/2018 RNS Time Table Please join the course: delphi.uniroma2.it Time Table Monday 9.30-11.30 - Classroom C5 Wednesday 9.30-11.30 - Classroom B10 Friday 9:30-11.30 - Classroom C5 Lectures will be 105’ long! We will finish the lectures before Christmas! Office hours for student questions on the subject Wednesday 11.30 -13.30 DRAFT 5 RNS Time Table Please join the course: delphi.uniroma2.it 26/9 lecture is cancelled! DRAFT 6 3 20/09/2018 RNS- Exames • There are six exam sessions per year. – To participate is strictly required reservation by Delphi: http://delphi.uniroma2.it. – Those who are not booked within the fixed deadline will not be admitted to the test. • The Final exam is (at least) a written test with a number of questions roughly equal to the number of CFU, to be solved in a maximum of 15 minutes per credit time. – Each question may contains a theoretical part (definitions, properties, demonstrations, ...) and an associated practical part (calculations, ...). – The candidate must provide the student card, or a valid identity card and can use a non -programmable scientific calculator during the exams. – The use of notes, books etc. is not allowed during the exams DRAFT 7 RNS - Contact and Info • Web: – Waiting for course initialization…. • Facebook: – https://www.facebook.com/RadarLab • Tel. 0672597328 • Email: [email protected] DRAFT 8 4 20/09/2018 RNS - References • Understanding GPS: Principles and Applications, Second Edition 2nd Edition by Elliott D. Kaplan (Author, Editor), Christopher Hegarty (Editor) • Secondary Surveillance Radar by M.C. Stevens • Avionics Navigation Systems by M. Kayton and W- R. Fried • Sistemi di Rilevamento e Navigazione by G. Galati and M. Leonardi • Lecture’s notes DRAFT 9 RNS Please join the course: delphi.uniroma2.it DRAFT 10 5 20/09/2018 RNS Student Work? DRAFT 11 Introduction Navigation: The term stems from the 1530s, from Latin navigationem (nom. navigatio), from navigatus, pp. of navigare "to sail, sail over, go by sea, steer a ship," from navis "ship" and the root of agere "to drive" DRAFT 12 6 20/09/2018 Introduction Navigation: • Navigation is the process carried out autonomously by a mobile in order to govern its transfer between a pair of pre-set points: the origin and the destination From the Cambridge Dictionary: • “the act of directing a ship, aircraft, etc. from one place to another, or thescience of finding a way from one place to another” DRAFT 13 Introduction Navigation: • Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. – The field of navigation includes four general categories: land navigation, marine navigation, aeronautic navigation, and space navigation. • All navigational techniques involve locating the navigator's position compared to known locations or patterns. • Navigation, in a broader sense, can refer to any skill or study that involves the determination of position (positioning) and direction. DRAFT 14 7 20/09/2018 Introduction Navigation is composed by: • Positioning: it is intended to acquire information on the position of the mobile • Guidance: it is based on the analysis of the information obtained by the positioning and through decision-making and executive acts. it is the task of ensuring that the motion takes place in accordance with the requirements. DRAFT 15 Introduction • As defined by the Federal Standard 1037C, titled “Telecommunications: Glossary of Telecommunication TermsFS-1037C”, radiodetermination is «the determination of the position, velocity or other characteristics of an object, or the obtaining of information relating to these parameters, by means of the propagation properties of radio waves.» • There are two main fields to radiodetermination: – radiolocation, which is mainly passive – radionavigation, which is mainly active. DRAFT 16 8 20/09/2018 Introduction • Radio navigation or radionavigation is the application of radio frequencies to determine a position of an object on the Earth. • The basic principles are measurements from/to electric beacons, especially: – directions, e.g. by bearing, radio phases or interferometry; – distances, e.g. ranging by measurement of travel times; – partly also velocity, e.g. by means of radio Doppler shift. DRAFT 17 Introduction • Radiolocating is the process of finding the location of something through the use of radio waves. – It generally refers to passive uses, particularly radar—as well as detecting buried cables, water mains, and other public utilities. – It is similar to radionavigation, but radiolocation usually refers to passively finding a distant object rather than actively one's own position. DRAFT 18 9 20/09/2018 Introduction • In respect of the nature of navigation autonomy, must be noted that in radionavigation the acquisition and processing of the data is usually carried out on board by the mobile, obviously equipped with suitable radio receivers. DRAFT 19 History of Navigation • The first record of boats large enough to carry goods for trade is around 3500 B.C. and this would mark the birth of the art of navigation • The history of navigation starts with the history of seamanship. DRAFT 20 10 20/09/2018 History of Navigation • A few people have – the Norse, excelled as seafarers, – the ancient Bengalis, prominent among them – the Chinese, the: – the Venetians, – Austronesians, their – the Genoese, descendants the Malays, – Micronesians, and the Hanseatic Germans, Polynesians, – the Portuguese, – the Harappans, – the Spanish, – the Phoenicians, – the English, – the ancient Greeks, – the French, – the Romans, – the Dutch and – the Arabs, – the Danes. – the ancient Tamils, DRAFT 21 History of Navigation • Mediterranean – Sailors navigating in the Mediterranean made use of several techniques to determine their location, including staying in sight of land and understanding of the winds and their tendencies. – Minoans of Crete are an example of an early Western civilization that used celestial navigation. • The Minoans made sea voyages to the island of Thera and to Egypt. Both of these trips would have taken more than a day’s sail for the Minoans and would have left them traveling by night across open water. • Here the sailors would use the locations of particular stars, especially those of the constellation Ursa Major, to orient the ship in the correct direction. – Written records of navigation using stars, or celestial navigation, go back to Homer’s Odyssey where Calypso tells Odysseus to keep the Bear (Ursa Major) on his left hand side and at the same time to observe the position of the Pleiades, the late-setting Boötes and the Orion as he sailed eastward from her island Ogygia traversing the Ocean. – The Greek poet Aratus wrote in his Phainomena in the third century BC detailed positions of the constellations. • The pole stars were used to navigate because they did not disappear below the horizon and could be seen consistently throughout the night DRAFT 22 11 20/09/2018 History of Navigation • Mediterranean – By the third century BC the Greeks had begun to use the Little Bear, Ursa Minor, to navigate. – To navigate along a degree of latitude a sailor would have needed to find a circumpolar star above that degree in the sky. For example, Apollonius would have used β Draconis to navigate as he traveled west from the mouth of the Alpheus River to Syracuse. – The voyage of the Greek navigator Pytheas of Massalia is a particularly notable example of a very long, early voyage. • Pytheas ventured from Greece through the strait of Gibraltar to Western Europe and the British Isles. • Pytheas is the first known person to describe the Midnight Sun, polar ice, Germanic tribes and possibly Stonehenge. DRAFT 23 History of Navigation • Mediterranean – Nearchos’s celebrated voyage from India to Susa after Alexander's expedition in India is preserved in Arrian's account, the Indica. – Greek navigator Eudoxus of Cyzicus explored the Arabian Sea for Ptolemy VIII, king of the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. – According to Poseidonius, later reported in Strabo's Geography, the monsoon wind system of the Indian Ocean was first sailed by Eudoxus of Cyzicus in 118 or 116 BC. – Nautical charts and textual descriptions known as sailing directions have been in use in one form or another since the sixth century BC. – Nautical charts using stereographic and orthographic projections date back to the second century BC – In 1900, the Antikythera mechanism was recovered from Antikythera wreck. This mechanism was built around 1st century BC. DRAFT 24 12 20/09/2018 History of Navigation • Phoenicia and Carthage – The Phoenicians and their successors, the Carthaginians, were particularly adept sailors and learned to voyage further and further away from the coast in order to reach destinations faster. – One tool that helped them was the sounding weight. • This tool was bell shaped, made from stone or lead, with tallow inside attached to a very long rope.