IUCN/TRAFFIC Analyses of the Proposals to Amend the CITES Appendices at the 13th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties Bangkok, Thailand 2-14 October 2004 Prepared by IUCN Species Survival Commission and TRAFFIC Production of the 2004 IUCN/TRAFFIC Analyses of the Proposals to Amend the CITES Appendices was made possible through the support of: The Commission of the European Union Canadian Wildlife Service Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, Department for Nature, the Netherlands Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Germany Federal Veterinary Office, Switzerland Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Dirección General para la Biodiversidad (Spain) Ministère de l'écologie et du développement durable, Direction de la nature et des paysages (France) IUCN-The World Conservation Union IUCN-The World Conservation Union brings together states, government agencies and a diverse range of non-governmental organizations in a unique global partnership - over 1 000 members in some 140 countries. As a Union, IUCN seeks to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. IUCN builds on the strengths of its members, networks and partners to enhance their capacity and to support global alliances to safeguard natural resources at local, regional and global levels. The Species Survival Commission (SSC) is the largest of IUCN’s six volunteer commissions. With 8 000 scientists, field researchers, government officials and conservation leaders, the SSC membership is an unmatched source of information about biodiversity conservation. SSC members provide technical and scientific advice to conservation activities throughout the world and to governments, international conventions and conservation organizations. They provide information critical to the development of conservation products and tools such as the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. SSC works primarily through its 120 Specialist Groups, which represent a wide range of plants and animals, particularly those threatened with extinction, or issues such as veterinary medicine, conservation breeding, and sustainable use of wildlife. TRAFFIC the wildlife trade monitoring network, works to ensure that wildlife trade is not a threat to the conservation of nature. TRAFFIC is a joint programme of IUCN - The World Conservation Union and WWF, the world conservation organization. Citation: IUCN Species Survival Commission and TRAFFIC. 2004. IUCN/TRAFFIC Analyses of the Proposals to Amend the CITES Appendices. Prepared by IUCN Species Survival Commission and TRAFFIC for the Thirteenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES. IUCN-The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. The designations of geographical entities in this document and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or TRAFFIC concerning the legal status of any country or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. i INTRODUCTION If CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is to remain a credible instrument for conserving species affected by trade, the decisions of the Parties must be based on the best available scientific and technical information. Recognizing this, IUCN’s Species Survival Commission (SSC) and TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network, have undertaken to provide technical reviews of the proposals to amend the CITES Appendices. SSC has collected information on the status and biology of species from its Specialist Group network and broader scientific community, and TRAFFIC has focussed on the analysis of the trade and use components of the proposals, drawing on its own information sources and expert networks. The resulting document is, like any collaborative document, uneven. It does, however, bring together a broad range of expertise, which we are confident will be of assistance in the discussions of the proposals. The Analyses - as these technical reviews are known - aim to provide as objective an assessment as possible of each amendment proposal against the requirements of the Convention as laid out in the listing criteria elaborated in Resolution Conf. 9.24 and other Resolutions and Decisions. The review of each proposal consists of a summary section and more detailed supporting text. The summary section presents a synthesis of available information and, in a separate paragraph, a specific analysis of whether the proposal might be considered to meet the pertinent criteria in Resolution Conf. 9.24 or not. Where particularly relevant, some observations on enforcement issues may also be made. The more detailed supporting text is presented in table form. These tables are designed to focus attention on the biological and trade criteria and the precautionary measures of Resolution Conf. 9.24. Text in the left hand side is culled from the supporting statement provided by the proponents of that proposal. Text in the right hand side consists of comments, observations and additional information obtained in the review process. To target information collection and reduce the demands made of reviewers, the review process was somewhat different from that used in the past by IUCN and TRAFFIC. In this instance, following the deadline for Parties’ submission of amendment proposals (5 May 2004), the review team compiled available information to prepare a first draft review. These drafts, together with a series of additional questions and clarifications were then sent to a variety of reviewers for comment and reviewers’ responses were compiled into the final document. Over 400 experts were contacted and almost 50% sent information in time for inclusion in the Analyses. To comply with the needs of the Parties for information well before the CoP, the reviews were completed on 29 July 2004. In response to recommendations put forward by evaluators after the 12th CITES Conference of the Parties (CoP), the summary sections are being distributed widely to reach as broad a target audience as possible. The background material will be available separately on the Internet and via e-mail. These analyses aim to highlight relevant information on which the Parties can base their judgements, not to be exhaustive. Clearly there may be omissions and differences of interpretation in a document compiled on a wide range of species in such a short time. We have nevertheless tried to ensure that the document is factual and objective. It is challenging to reflect reviewers’ responses in a balanced manner, particularly when strong views are held and the information presented is of variable quality, and it has not always been possible to provide a consensus picture. The time constraints have precluded the majority of reviewers from seeing the product before publication. The compilers take full responsibility for any misrepresentation. A fold-out summary of the CITES listing criteria and the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria is provided as an annex to the document. It should be emphasized that the numerical guidelines in Resolution Conf 9.24, Annex 5 are not thresholds and may not be appropriate for all species. References to source material are provided wherever possible; in some cases, these sources have been consulted directly; in others, they have been cited by reviewers to support their statements. Where information is not referenced, it should be assumed that the source is IUCN or TRAFFIC. The assessments expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or TRAFFIC, nor the reviewers as a body. The conservation status of animals should be assumed to come from the 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species unless indicated otherwise. CITES Trade Data refer to data from CITES Annual Reports as provided by the Parties and managed by UNEP-WCMC. Where information has been provided from a particular country’s official trade statistics, this has been specified. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND CREDITS Many individuals and institutions contributed to the review of the CITES amendment proposals and compilation of the present Analyses. Those to whom we would first like to extend our thanks are the reviewers of these proposals, many of them members of the IUCN Species Survival Commission Specialist Groups or BirdLife, as well as the many other scientists and experts from other institutions who, although not formally linked with SSC, have volunteered their time and expertise to this process. The staff members of TRAFFIC who assisted in the review of proposals and compiled trade and use accounts, deserve recognition for the contribution they have made to this document. In addition, staff of the UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre have assisted in providing information from the CITES database as well as bibliographic and other reference material. We are particularly grateful to Mary Cordiner and Helen Corrigan. We would also like to thank the French translators Daniele and Richard Devitre and the team of Spanish translators (ATECMA): Mónica Fuentes Ortega and Ángela Maldonado García (translation) and Carlos Ibero Solana and Rocío Hernández Clemente (scientific revision). The Analyses team was made up of: Petra Crofton, Carol Inskipp, Martin Jenkins, Teresa Mulliken, Sara Oldfield, Alison Rosser and, for Birdlife, Ali Stattersfield. Crawford Allan and Steven Broad at TRAFFIC and David Brackett, Anna Knee, Sue