Jaguar (Panthera onca) Care Manual fi JAGUAR (Panthera onca) CARE MANUAL CREATED BY THE AZA Jaguar Species Survival Plan® IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE AZA Felid Taxon Advisory Group 1 Association of Zoos and Aquariums Jaguar (Panthera onca) Care Manual Jaguar (Panthera onca) Care Manual Published by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in association with the AZA Animal Welfare Committee Formal Citation: AZA Jaguar Species Survival Plan (2016). Jaguar Care Manual. Silver Spring, MD: Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Original Completion Date: September 2016 Authors and Significant Contributors: Stacey Johnson, San Diego Zoo Global, AZA Jaguar SSP Coordinator Cheri Asa, PhD, Saint Louis Zoo William Baker, Jr., formerly Abilene Zoo Katherine Buffamonte, Philadelphia Zoo Hollie Colahan, Denver Zoo Amy Coslik, MS, Fort Worth Zoo Sharon Deem, PhD, DVM, Saint Louis Zoo Karen Dunn, formerly Tulsa Zoo Christopher Law, Philadelphia Zoo Keith Lovett, Buttonwood Park Zoo Daniel Morris, Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo Linda Munson, DVM, University of California-Davis Scott Silver, PhD, Queens Zoo Rebecca Spindler, PhD, Taronga Zoo Ann Ward, MS, Fort Worth Zoo Reviewers: Alan Rabinowitz, PhD, CEO, Panthera David Hall and the Carnivore Team, Chester Zoo, Douglas Richardson, Head of Living Collections, Highland Wildlife Park, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland AZA Staff Editors: Felicia Spector, Animal Care Manual Editor Consultant Rebecca Greenberg, Conservation & Science Coordinator Candice Dorsey, PhD, Vice President, Animal Programs Debborah Luke, PhD, Senior Vice President, Conservation & Science Emily Wagner, AZA Conservation Science & Education Intern Haley Gordon, AZA Conservation & Science Intern Cover Photo Credits: Stacey Johnson Disclaimer: This manual presents a compilation of knowledge provided by recognized animal experts based on the current science, practice, and technology of animal management. The manual assembles basic requirements, best practices, and animal care recommendations to maximize capacity for excellence in animal care and welfare. The manual should be considered a work in progress, since practices continue to evolve through advances in scientific knowledge. The use of information within this manual should be in accordance with all local, state, and federal laws and regulations concerning the care of animals. While some government laws and regulations may be referenced in this manual, these 2 Association of Zoos and Aquariums Jaguar (Panthera onca) Care Manual are not all-inclusive nor is this manual intended to serve as an evaluation tool for those agencies. The recommendations included are not meant to be exclusive management approaches, diets, medical treatments, or procedures, and may require adaptation to meet the specific needs of individual animals and particular circumstances in each institution. Commercial entities and media identified are not necessarily endorsed by AZA. The statements presented throughout the body of the manual do not represent AZA standards of care unless specifically identified as such in clearly marked sidebar boxes. 3 Association of Zoos and Aquariums Jaguar (Panthera onca) Care Manual Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 6 Taxonomic Classification ...................................................................................................................... 6 Genus, Species, and Status ................................................................................................................. 6 General Information ............................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1. Ambient Environment ............................................................................................................ 15 1.1 Temperature and Humidity .......................................................................................................... 15 1.2 Light ................................................................................................................................................. 16 1.3 Water and Air Quality .................................................................................................................... 16 1.4 Sound and Vibration ..................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 2. Habitat Design and Containment .......................................................................................... 18 2.1 Space and Complexity .................................................................................................................. 18 2.2 Safety and Containment ............................................................................................................... 21 Chapter 3. Records ................................................................................................................................... 26 3.1 Definitions ....................................................................................................................................... 26 3.2 Types of Records .......................................................................................................................... 26 3.3 Permit Considerations .................................................................................................................. 27 3.4 Identification ................................................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 4. Transport ................................................................................................................................. 29 4.1 Preparations ................................................................................................................................... 29 4.2 Protocols ......................................................................................................................................... 31 Chapter 5. Social Environment ................................................................................................................ 33 5.1 Group Structure and Size ............................................................................................................ 33 5.2 Influence of Others and Conspecifics ........................................................................................ 33 5.3 Introductions and Reintroductions .............................................................................................. 34 Chapter 6. Nutrition ................................................................................................................................... 35 6.1 Nutritional Requirements .............................................................................................................. 35 6.2 Diets ................................................................................................................................................ 40 6.3 Nutritional Evaluations .................................................................................................................. 45 Chapter 7. Veterinary Care ....................................................................................................................... 46 7.1 Veterinary Services ....................................................................................................................... 46 7.2 Transfer Examination and Diagnostic Testing Recommendations ........................................ 46 7.3 Quarantine ...................................................................................................................................... 47 7.4 Preventive Medicine ...................................................................................................................... 49 7.5 Capture, Restraint, and Immobilization ...................................................................................... 52 7.6 Management of Diseases, Disorders, Injuries and/or Isolation.............................................. 52 Chapter 8. Reproduction .......................................................................................................................... 55 8.1 Reproductive Physiology and Behavior ..................................................................................... 55 8.2 Assisted Reproductive Technology ............................................................................................ 58 8.3 Pregnancy and Parturition ........................................................................................................... 59 8.4 Birthing Facilities ........................................................................................................................... 59 8.5 Assisted Rearing ........................................................................................................................... 61 8.6 Contraception ................................................................................................................................. 62 Chapter 9. Behavior Management ........................................................................................................... 64 9.1 Animal Training .............................................................................................................................. 64 9.2 Environmental Enrichment