Towards a unified view of metacognition : Insights from metamemory Audrey Mazancieux To cite this version: Audrey Mazancieux. Towards a unified view of metacognition : Insights from metamemory. Psychol- ogy. Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-..], 2020. English. NNT : 2020GRALS004. tel-03088370 HAL Id: tel-03088370 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03088370 Submitted on 26 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ GRENOBLE ALPES Spécialité : PCN - Sciences cognitives, psychologie et neurocognition Arrêté ministériel : 25 mai 2016 Présentée par Audrey MAZANCIEUX Thèse dirigée par Christopher MOULIN, Université Grenoble Alpes et codirigée par Céline SOUCHAY, Université Grenoble Alpes préparée au sein du Laboratoire Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neuro Cognition dans l'École Doctorale Ingénierie pour la Santé la Cognition et l'Environnement Vers une vision unifiée de la métacognition : Apports de la métamémoire Towards a unified view of metacognition: Insights from metamemory Thèse soutenue publiquement le 12 mars 2020, devant le jury composé de : Monsieur CHRISTOPHER MOULIN PROFESSEUR, UNIVERSITE GRENOBLE ALPES, Directeur de thèse Madame CELINE SOUCHAY DIRECTRICE DE RECHERCHE, CNRS DELEGATION ALPES, Co- directrice de thèse Monsieur PASCAL MAMASSIAN DIRECTEUR DE RECHERCHE, CNRS DELEGATION PARIS-CENTRE, Président Madame MARIE IZAUTE PROFESSEUR, UNIVERSITE CLERMONT AUVERGNE, Rapportrice Madame CHRISTINE BASTIN PROFESSEUR ASSISTANT, UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE - BELGIQUE, Examinatrice Monsieur ZOLTAN DIENES PROFESSEUR, UNIVERSITE DE SUSSEX - GRANDE BRETAGNE, Examinateur Monsieur NATHAN FAIVRE CHARGE DE RECHERCHE, CNRS DELEGATION ALPES, Examinateur ii Abstract etacognition and especially metacognitive judgments have been largely studied Mwithin separate cognitive fields such as episodic memory (metamemory) or visual perception (metaperception). Despite this historical tradition of evaluating metacogni- tion in a disparate manner, similarities in methodological and theoretical frameworks can be observed and recent work compares metacognitive judgements across a vari- ety of tasks (first-order task), proposing the idea that metacognition could be domain- general. This thesis focuses on the cue-utilization view stemming from the metamemory literature to explore the breadth of metacognition across two correlational and three experimental studies. In particular, we investigated whether people use a common re- source in their metacognitive judgements across different types of first-order tasks and whether this resource is also shared across different metacognitive judgements. More- over, we focused on the metacognitive cue of fluency as a potential domain-general cue in the formation of metacognitive judgements. Overall, our results suggest that whereas prospective judgements are domain-specific, retrospective judgements can be supported by a domain-general resource. The study of the involvement of fluency sug- gests differing influence of this cue on both the type of first-order task and the type of metacognition judgement. This suggests that fluency effects are less homogeneous than previously thought. In light of these results, we propose a novel view of metacognitive judgment formation in order to have a more unified view of metacognitive research. Fi- nally, we suggest implications for both research on recognition memory and neuropsy- chological and psychiatric research. Keywords: metacognition, metamemory, confidence judgments, prospective judgements, domain-general processes iii Resumé a métacognition et en particulier les jugements métacognitifs ont été largement étudiés Lde façon séparée dans le domaine de la mémoire épisodique (métamémoire) ou de la perception visuelle (métaperception). Malgré cette tradition historique d’évaluer la métacognition de façon disparate, des similitudes dans les cadres méthodologiques et théoriques peuvent être observées et des travaux récents proposent de comparer les jugements métacognitifs à travers une variété de tâches (nommés tâches de premier ordre) proposant l’idée que la métacognition pourrait être domaine-général. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes concentrés sur la « cue-utilization view » issue de la littéra- ture sur la métamémoire afin d’explorer l’étendue de la métacognition via deux études corrélationnelles et trois études expérimentales. En particulier, nous avons cherché à savoir si les individus utilisent une ressource commune dans leurs jugements métacog- nitifs pour différents types de tâches de premier ordre et si cette ressource est égale- ment partagée entre différents jugements métacognitifs. De plus, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l’indice métacognitif de fluence comme un potentiel indice domaine- général dans la formation des jugements métacognitifs. Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent que, alors que les jugements prospectifs sont domaine-spécifiques, les juge- ments rétrospectifs peuvent être sous-tendus par une ressource commune. L’étude de l’implication de l’indice de fluence suggère une influence différente de ce signal sur le type de tâche de premier ordre et le type de jugement de métacognition suggérant que l’effet de fluidité est moins systématique qu’on ne le pensait auparavant. À la lumière de ces résultats, nous proposons une nouvelle approche quant à la formation de juge- ments métacognitifs dans le but d’avoir une vision plus unifiée de la recherche sur la métacognition. Enfin, nous suggérons des implications à la fois pour la recherche sur la mémoire de reconnaissance et pour la recherche en neuropsychologie et en psychiatrie. Mots-clefs : métacognition, métamémoire, jugements de confiance, jugements prospec- tifs, processus domaine-généraux iv Publications Chapter 4 has been accepted as (this thesis version includes Supplementary results as a part of the Results Section): Mazancieux, A., Fleming, S. M., Souchay, C., Moulin, C. J. A. (2020). Is there a G factor for metacognition? Correlations in retrospective metacognitive sensitivity across tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. Advance online publication. http://dx .doi.org/10.1037/xge0000746 Chapter 5 has been accepted as: Mazancieux, A., Dinze, C., Souchay, C., Moulin, C. J. A. (2020). Metacognitive domain- specificity in feeling-of-knowing but not retrospective confidence. Neuroscience of Con- sciouness, 2020(1), niaa001. Appendix A has been published as: Mazancieux, A., Souchay, C., Casez, O., Moulin, C. J. A. (2019). Metacognition and self-awareness in Multiple Sclerosis. Cortex, 111, 238-255 Appendix B has been submitted as: Mazancieux, A., Souchay, C., Casez, O., Moulin, C. J. A. (in revision). A multidimen- sional assessment of metacognition across domains in Multiple Sclerosis Appendix C has been published as: Bertrand, J. M.*, Mazancieux, A.*, Moulin, C. J. A., Béjot, Y., Rouaud, O., Souchay, C. (2019). In the here and now: Short term memory predictions are preserved in Alzheimer’s disease. Cortex, 119, 158-164 * Equal contribution v Acknowledgements or some reason, this section appeared as one of the most difficult to write. Probably Feven more difficult than the thesis itself. I wanted to find the right words. I have to admit that I have never been the best for properly thanking people and expressing how much I care about them. But we only have one PhD thesis in our life – or at least I do not plan to write another one – and I have heard that we only live once, so I will make an effort this time. These last few days before the defence I received lots of absolutely lovely and supportive messages from all my friends and family. I have realised how lucky I am to be surrounded by so many well-wishers. Luck has been central in this PhD. I am not trying to minimise the work I have done but, truly, luck has been insanely present these last 3 and a half years. Luck starts with Chris, my brilliant PhD supervisor. I guess that choosing to work with someone is always a blind bet. Five years ago, I did not realise I made a great one. Chris, you are a brilliant researcher. You are passionate, relentless, always questioning and looking for the best course of action. But you are also funny, amazingly supportive, and you truly care about people. All this makes you an all-round top notch supervisor. This is my opinion, but I am sure (I can even say I know) I am not the only one who thinks that. As you said, we drank plenty of coffee. We also had plenty of talks about England and France comparisons, about the research world, society and politics, and about “how can we precisely translate this particular damn word.” And I really liked that (although I am still struggling to know if I prefer these talks or the coffee). I really feel like we worked together with our own organisational style that is based on having no deadline and just seeing “how things progress.” Sometimes I wonder how it worked but – magically perhaps – it did. I was also very lucky to receive feedback and advice from Céline who co-supervised my PhD. Céline, I admire the woman that you are. You do