NPS Fonn 10-900-b OMB No. 10244018 (March 1992) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES MULTIPLE PROPERTY DOCUMENTATIONFORM This form is used for documenting multiple pmpcny pups relating to one or several historic wnvxe. Sainsrmctions in How lo Complele the Mul1,ple Property D~mmmlationFonn (National Register Bullnin 16B). Compleveach item by entering the requested information. For addillanal space. use wntinuation shau (Form 10-900-a). Use a rypwiter, word pmarror, or computer to complete dl ivms. A New Submission -Amended Submission A. Name of Multiple Property Llstlng The Civil War in Virginia, 1861-1865: Historic and Archaeological Resources - B. Associated Historic Contexts (Name each acsociated historic conk* identifying theme, gmgmphid al and chronological Mod foreach.) The Civil War in Virginia, 1861-1865: Historic and Archaeological Resources - - C. Form Prepared by -- - nameltitle lohn S. Salmon organization Virginia De~artmentof Historic Resourceg smet & number 2801 Kensineton Avenue telephone 804-367-2323 em. 117 city or town -state VA zip code222l As ~ ~ -~~ - ~ ~~~ -~~ An~~~ ~~ sr amended I the duimated authoriw unda the National Hislaic~.~~ R*urvlion of 1%6. ~ hmbv~ ~~ ccrtih. ha this docummfation form , ~ ,~~ mauthe Nhlond Regutn docummunon and xu forth requ~rnncnufor the Istmg of related pmpnia wns~svntw~thihc~mund Rcglster crivna Thu submiu~onmsm ihc prcce4unl ~d pmfes~onalrcqutmnu uc lath in 36 CFR Pan M) ~d the Scsmar) of the Intenoh Standar& Md Guidelina for Alshoology and Historic Revnation. LSa wntinuation shafor additi01w.I wmmmu.) "4.+?$ Signature and title of certifying official I hereby certify that this multiple property documentation form has been approved by the National Register as a basis for evaluating related properties for listing in the National Register. Signature of the Keeper Date Table ofcontents for Written Narrative Prob~dethe following lnforrnatlon on contlnualon sheelp Cote the lener and the l~lleDefore each sect8on of the namu%e ASSIDpage nurnbcn acwrd~nglo the ~nsmcuonsfor conunuatlon sheets In How ro Complere rhWulr,ple Properly Lhwu)(~n10110t1Form (Nalonal Reglster Bullet~n 168). Fill in page numbers for each reclion in the spa= below. E. Statement of Historic Contexts (Document historic contexts on one or more continuation sheets. If more than one historic context is documented, present them in sequential order.) .............................................. F. Associated Property Types (Provide description, signiticance, and registration requirements on one or more continuation sheets.) - G. Geographical Data - ---- - - H. Summary of ldentiflcatlon and Evaluatlon Methods (Discuss the methods used in developing the multiple property listing on one or more continuation sheets..) - I. Major Bibliographical References (List major mitten workc and primary location of additional documentation: State Historic Preservation Oflice, other State agency, Federal agency, local governmeng university, or other, specifying repository.) Bibliography (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets.) 1-127 - 1-133 Previous documentation on flle (NPS) -preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67) has been requested. -previously listed in the National Register -previously determined eligible by the National Register -designated a National Historic Landmark -recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey # -recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # Primary Loeation of Addltlonal Data: -X State Historic Preservation Office -Other State agency -Federal agency -Local government -University Other Name ofrepository: NPSFonn 10-9008 OMB No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section-L Page-L The Civil War in Vir ini 1861-1865: Historic and Archaeolo ical Resources Name of Multiple Property Listing E. STATEMENT OF HISTORIC CONTEXTS BACKGROUND Virginia (excluding present-day West Virginia) is divided into several geographical and cultural regions. The geographical regions include Tidewater, a relatively flat area from the coast (including the Eastern Shore) west to the "fall line," from which the rolling terrain of the Piedmont then extends to the Blue Ridge Mountains. West of the Blue Ridge lies the "Breadbasket of the Confederacy," the Shenandoah Valley (from Lexington north to Harper's Ferry, West Virginia), and the Valley of Virginia (south of Lexington to about present-day Roanoke). The valleys are bounded on the west by the Appalachian Mountains, which extend past Roanoke through a cultural region called Southwest Virginia. Other cultural regions include the Southside, which lies in Tidewater and the Piedmont between the James River and North Carolina, and the Northern Neck, a colonial proprietary located in Tidewater and Piedmont north of the Rappahannock River. At the time of the Civil War, Virginia was a predominantly rural state. Several large urban areas existed, however, including Richmond, the state capital and capital of the Confederacy; Alexandria, a major port on the Potomac River opposite Washington, D.C.; Fredericksburg, located halfway between the two capitals; Lynchburg, the industrial center of the Piedmont; Norfolk and Portsmouth, large Tidewater ports near the entrances to the ChesapeakeBay and the Atlantic Ocean; and Petersburg,an important port town on the Appomattox River about thirty miles south of Richmond. Few other commercial and industrial centers existed in the state except for the county seats,which varied in size from bustling large towns such as Winchester and Staunton to small hamlets such as Charlotte Court House and Appomattox Court House. Most industrial sites, including gristmills and ironworks, were scattered over the countryside or stood on the fringes of small towns and villages. By mid-century, a growing network of railroads and turnpikes-in addition to preexisting, notoriously poor roads-linked towns, cities, and industrial centers. Strategically, the railroads held the greatest importance for the contending armies. Among the most significant railroads were the Orange and Alexandria, between Alexandria and Gordonsville, in Orange County; the Manassas Gap, between Manassas Junction on the Orange and Alexandria in Prince William County to Mount Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley; the Virginia Central, between Richmond and Covington in the Allegheny Mountains by way ofGordonsville and Charlottesville; the Virginia and Tennessee,between Lynchburg and the Tennesseeline through the Valley of Virginia and Southwest Virginia; the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac between Richmond and Aquia Landing on the Potomac River; the Richmond and York River; the Richmond and Danville; the Richmond and Petersburg;the Petersburg (often called the Weldon), between Petersburg and Weldon, North Carolina; and the South Side, between Petersburg and Lynchburg by way of Appomattox Station. The most important highways were the Valley Turnpike (present-day U.S. Rte. 11) between Winchester and Sta,unton,and the Staunton and Parkersburg Turnpike (various county roads and U.S. Rte. 250). Many of the railroads and turnpikes passed through mountain gaps, further enhancing their strategic value. NPSForm IO-900a OMB No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section E Page _2- The Civil War in Vire:inia. 1861-1865: Historic and Archaeoloe:ical Resources Name of Multiple Property Listing Most of the Civil War campaigns in Virginia were conducted along the principal transportation routes. The Manassascampaign of 186\ and the Northern V irginia campaign of 1862 were focused on the vitally important Manassas Junction. During the Peninsula and Seven Days' campaigns of 1862, the Union army relied on the Richmond and York River Railroad as well as Federal shipping on the York and James Rivers for supplies and troop transportation. The Shenandoah Valley campaigns of 1862 and \864-\865 took place on the Valley Turnpike, the Staunton and Parkersburg Turnpike, and other turnpikes and roads in the region. Most of the battles of the Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg campaigns of 1862-1863 were fought at river crossings and on turnpikes. During the Bristoe Station campaign in \863, most of the fighting occurred on or near the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, as well as on major highways. Turnpikes, road intersections, railroads, and rail junctions comprised key objectives during the Overland, Richmond and Petersburg, Southwest Virginia. and Appomattox campaigns in 1864-1865. MANASSAS CAMPAIGN The long-simmering sectional crisis over slavery in the United States reached the boiling point after the election of Abraham Lincoln as president in November 1860. Even before Lincoln's inauguration, several Southern states that felt threatened by his anti-slavery views summoned delegates to consider secession from the Union. Virginia convened a special sessionof the General Assembly on 7 January 1861; on 19January. the legislature called for the election on 4 February of delegates to a statewide convention. The delegates first met on 13 February but delayed action until the results of a peace conference chaired by former president John Tyler in Washington were known. Although the conference failed and Lincoln's inaugural address was poorly received in the South,