www.securefisheries.org SECURING SOMALI FISHERIES Sarah M. Glaser Paige M. Roberts Robert H. Mazurek Kaija J. Hurlburt Liza Kane-Hartnett Securing Somali Fisheries | i SECURING SOMALI FISHERIES Sarah M. Glaser Paige M. Roberts Robert H. Mazurek Kaija J. Hurlburt Liza Kane-Hartnett Contributors: Ashley Wilson, Timothy Davies, and Robert Arthur (MRAG, London) Graphics: Timothy Schommer and Andrea Jovanovic Please send comments and questions to: Sarah M. Glaser, PhD Research Associate, Secure Fisheries One Earth Future Foundation +1 720 214 4425 [email protected] Please cite this document as: Glaser SM, Roberts PM, Mazurek RH, Hurlburt KJ, and Kane-Hartnett L (2015) Securing Somali Fisheries. Denver, CO: One Earth Future Foundation. DOI: 10.18289/OEF.2015.001 Secure Fisheries is a program of the One Earth Future Foundation Cover Photo: Shakila Sadik Hashim at Alla Aamin fishing company in Berbera, Jean-Pierre Larroque. ii | Securing Somali Fisheries TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, BOXES ............................................................................................. iii FOUNDER’S LETTER .................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. vi DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................ vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (Somali) ............................................................................................. viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (English) ............................................................................................. xiii ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................... xvii CHAPTER 1. Introduction to Somali Marine Fisheries ...............................................................1 Political and economic history of Somalia ......................................................................2 History of fisheries legislation ........................................................................................4 The marine environment and ecology of Somali waters ................................................6 History of fishing in Somali waters .................................................................................9 Our assessment of Somali fisheries ..............................................................................16 CHAPTER 2. Foreign Fishing in Somali Waters ........................................................................21 The context: fishing in the Western Indian Ocean........................................................22 The problem of IUU fishing in Somali waters ...............................................................23 Estimating foreign fishing in Somali waters ..................................................................28 The impact of trawling in Somali waters ......................................................................41 Potential revenue generation through licensing of foreign vessels ..............................44 Conclusions...................................................................................................................47 CHAPTER 3. Economic Value of Somali Domestic Fisheries ....................................................55 Domestic and export markets for Somali fish products................................................56 Fisheries value chains ...................................................................................................59 Valuation of Somali domestic fisheries .........................................................................63 Conclusions...................................................................................................................67 CHAPTER 4. Sustainability of Fishing in Somali Waters ..........................................................73 The importance of sustainable fisheries .......................................................................73 Fishery production potential in Somali waters .............................................................73 Sustainability of fisheries at current levels of fishing effort .........................................76 Conclusions...................................................................................................................79 CHAPTER 5. Opportunities for Developing Somali Marine Fisheries ......................................85 Developing policies and structures to combat IUU fishing ...........................................87 Building a foundation for sustainable fisheries management ......................................89 An international call to action to stop illegal and destructive foreign fishing ..............94 Glossary....................................................................................................................................99 METHODOLOGICAL APPENDICES available online at: http://securefisheries.org/report/securing-somali-fisheries Securing Somali Fisheries | iii LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Map of Somalia and its regions 1.2 Map of Somali territorial waters and proclaimed Exclusive Economic Zone 1.3 Presence of foreign fishing vessels in Somali waters (1960—2013) 2.1 The Western and Eastern Indian Ocean, divided by FAO Area boundaries 2.2 Marine capture production for the Western Indian Ocean as reported to the FAO 2.3 Marine species caught in the WIO as reported to the FAO 2.4 Estimates of catch by foreign fishing fleets in Somali waters (1981–2013) 2.5 Estimated catch of HMS by IOTC member nations in Somali waters 2.6 Spatial distribution of the IOTC fleet in the Western Indian Ocean over time 2.7 Proportion of catch assigned to IOTC nations fishing in Somali waters during 2013 2.8 Reconstruction of catch by Iranian-flagged vessels in Somali waters 2.9 Reconstruction of catch byY emeni-flagged vessels in Somali waters 2.10 Estimated catch by Spanish-flagged vessels in Somali waters 2.11 Estimated catch by Egyptian-flagged vessels in Somali waters 2.12 Estimated catch by French-flagged vessels in Somali waters 2.13 Estimated catch by Seychelles-flagged vessels in Somali waters 2.14 Estimated catch byT aiwanese*-flagged vessels in Somali waters 2.15 Reconstructed catch by Italian trawlers in Somali waters 2.16 Catch composition of Italian trawlers 2.17 Estimated catch by Pakistani-flagged vessels in Somali waters 2.18 Estimated catch by South-Korean-flagged vessels in Somali waters 2.19 Estimated catch by Japanese-flagged vessels in Somali waters 2.20 Estimated catch by Thai-flagged vessels in Somali waters 2.21 Estimated catch by Chinese-flagged vessels in Somali waters 2.22 AIS tracks of eleven Chinese longline vessels fishing during March-May 2015 2.23 Estimated catch by Soviet (or former Soviet)-flagged vessels in Somali waters 2.24 Days trawling per South Korean vessel per year 2.25 Proportion of days trawled in Somali waters by Korean trawlers 2.26 Total extent of area trawled by five South Korean vessels during 2010-2014 2.27 Concentration of AIS broadcasts during trawling for five South Korean vessels, 2010-2014 2.28 Composition of trawl catch by South Korean vessels during 2010-2014. 2.29 Estimated total catch by the foreign tuna fleet in Somali waters 3.1 Major domestic and export flows of Somali fisheries commodities 3.2 Catch composition of Somali domestic fisheries 3.3 Catch by Somali domestic fisheries 3.4 Value chain for the finfish fishery 3.5 Value chain for the shark fishery 3.6 Value chain for the lobster fishery 3.7 Landed value of fish commodities from the Somali fishing sectors 4.1 Example of global fishery production potential for top predators 4.2 Global estimates of sea surface chlorophyll 4.3 Fisheries catch in Somali waters (benthivores, planktivores, piscivores) 4.4 Fisheries catch in Somali waters by species group 4.5 Sustainability of commercially-fished stocks in Somali waters *Province of China iv | Securing Somali Fisheries LIST OF TABLES 1.1 Summary of ecologically important fishes and invertebrates found in Somali water 1.2 Summary of joint fishing ventures operating in Somali waters 2.1 Marine capture production for the Western Indian Ocean as reported to the FAO in 2013 2.2 Summary of foreign catch in Somali waters, 1981—2013 2.3 Price per mt of tuna used to estimate total values of tuna caught in Somali waters 2.4 Estimated value of the catch of tuna caught in Somali waters by the foreign fleet 2.5 Potential license fee revenues from the sale of fishing licenses to the foreign tuna fleet 3.1 Prices for fishery commodities in the Somali domestic fishing sector 3.2 Economic value of Somali fisheries 4.1 Fishery production potential compared to current catch in Somali waters LIST OF BOXES Box 2.1 The personal side of IUU fishing Box 2.2 How IUU vessels avoid detection Box 2.3 The complicated relationship with Yemen Box 3.1 Violence against Somali fishers Box 3.2 Conservation of sharks and rays Box 4.1 The potential for investment in Somali fisheries Box 4.2 Conservation of overlooked species Securing Somali Fisheries | v FOUNDER’S LETTER In 2013, Somali representatives came together to visualize and create the Somali Maritime Resource and Security Strategy. This plan outlines many aspirations for a prosperous Somalia. The report herein honors a step towards that future. The One Earth Future (OEF) foundation is proud