University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard Papers in the Biological Sciences 2010 The World’s Waterfowl in the 21st Century: A 2010 Supplement to Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World Paul A. Johnsgard University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosciducksgeeseswans Part of the Ornithology Commons Johnsgard, Paul A., "The World’s Waterfowl in the 21st Century: A 2010 Supplement to Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World" (2010). Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard. 20. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosciducksgeeseswans/20 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Papers in the Biological Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. The World’s Waterfowl in the 21st Century: A 200 Supplement to Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World Paul A. Johnsgard Pages xvii–xxiii: recent taxonomic changes, I have revised sev- Introduction to the Family Anatidae eral of the range maps to conform with more current information. For these updates I have Since the 978 publication of my Ducks, Geese relied largely on Kear (2005). and Swans of the World hundreds if not thou- Other important waterfowl books published sands of publications on the Anatidae have since 978 and covering the entire waterfowl appeared, making a comprehensive literature family include an identification guide to the supplement and text updating impossible. Ja- waterfowl, illustrated by color paintings of all net Kear’s (2005) survey of the waterfowl fam- species (Madge & Burn, 988), and two books ily Anatidae and closely related screamers of by Frank Todd (979, 996) that are especially the family Anhimidae included more than notable for their excellent color photographic 3,700 references, of which a significant pro- illustrations. portion appeared later than 978. My revision In addition to these world surveys, several of the Anseriformes (families Anatidae and smaller taxonomic groups of waterfowl have Anhimidae) for the 2nd edition of J. C. Peters’ been monographed. They include the whis- Check-List of the Birds of the World (Johnsgard, tling ducks (Bolen & Rylander, 983), mute 1979) closely followed the classification struc- swan (Birkhead & Perrins, 986), whooper ture and taxonomic sequence that had been swan (Brazil, 2003), snow goose (Batt, 996; used in this book, except for the absence of a Cooke, Rockwell & Lane, 995), Canada goose tribe category, which was excluded in order to (Hanson, 997), Hawaiian goose (Kear & conform with the categories that had tradition- Berger, 980), upland goose (Summers & Mc- ally been used in earlier volumes of the Check- Adam. 993), common shelduck (Patterson List. In addition to incorporating some more 982), muscovy duck (Donkin, 989), wood QQQ Table 1. Comparative Anatidae Classifications of Johnsgard and Livezey, as summarized by Kear (2005). Johnsgard (978) Livezey (997) Order Anseriformes Order Anseriformes Family Anatidae Family Anhimidae (2 genera, 3 spp.) Subfamily Anseranatinae Family Anseranatidae ( genus, species) Tribe Anseranatini ( genus, species) Family Anatidae Subfamily Anserinae Subfamily Dendrocygninae Tribe Dendrocygnini ( genus, 9 spp.) Tribe Dendrocygnini (2 genera, 9 spp.) Tribe Anserini (4 genera, 2 spp.) Tribe Thalassornini ( genus, species) Tribe Cereopsini ( genus, species) Subfamily Anserinae Tribe Stictonettini ( genus, species) Tribe Cereopsini ( genus, species) Subfamily Anatinae Tribe Anserini (3 genera, 6 spp.) Tribe Tadornini (5 genera, 5 spp.) Tribe Cygnini (3 genera, 8 spp.) Tribe Tachyerini ( genus 3 spp.) Subfamily Stictonettinae ( genus, species) Tribe Cairinini (9 genera, 3 spp.) Subfamily Tadorninae Tribe Merganettini ( genus, species) Tribe Plectopterini (2 genera, 3 spp.) Tribe Anatini (4 genera, 39 spp.) Tribe Tadornini (6 genera, 5 spp.) Tribe Aythyini (3 genera, 6 spp.) Tribe Merganettini (3 genera, 6 spp.) Tribe Mergini (8 genera, 20 spp.) Subfamily Anatinae Tribe Oxyurini (3 genera, 8 spp.) Tribe Malacochynchini (2 genera, 2 spp.) Tribe Anatini ( genera, 60 spp.) Tribe Aythyini (4 genera, 7 spp.) Tribe Mergini (0 genera, 22 spp.) Tribe Oxyurini (4 genera, 9 spp.) duck & mandarin duck (Lever, 989, Shurtleff terfowl, an updated assessment of the status & Savage, 996), and stiff-tailed ducks (Johns- of rare and threatened waterfowl is provided gard & Carbonell, 996). here. Excluding the crested shelduck and pink- Also since 978, many taxonomic studies headed duck (both now very probably extinct), have been performed (see literature listing that according to the International Union for the follows this supplement), but the most ambi- Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources tious of these were the molecular/morpholog- (IUCN, 2006) there are four critically endan- ical studies of B. C. Livezey. Because Kear’s gered species, nine endangered species, and 2005 monograph generally followed Livizey’s 2 vulnerable species of waterfowl, as summa- (997) proposed taxonomy, a comparative rized below: overview of the two is shown in Table . It may be seen that the two taxonomies are Critically Endangered, Endangered, and very similar, at least as to their broad sequen- Vulnerable Species and Subspecies of tial organization. I recognized a total of one Anatidae family, three subfamilies, 3 tribes, 45 genera (adapted from TWSG News 5:3–5. 2006, and and 5 species, while Livizey accepted three listed in this book’s taxonomic sequence). families, five subfamilies, 13 tribes, 55 genera and 73 species of Recent Anatidae. Kear gen- Species erally followed Livizey’s taxonomy, but recog- nized 52 genera and 65 Recent anatid species. Critically endangered species: Campbell Is- In addition to reviewing some new informa- land teal (considered a Campbell Island race tion on the biologies of the world’s extant wa- of brown teal A. chlorotis in this book), Lay- 2 ŒŒŒ san duck (considered a Laysan Island race of and populations for which significant conser- northern mallard A. platyrhynchos in this book), vation, taxonomic, or behavioral information Madagascar pochard, Brazilian merganser. has appeared since 978. No attempt has been (Also listed are the now almost certainly ex- made to update all aspects of these species’ tinct crested shelduck and the similarly van- biology and status. The 2005 monograph by ished pink-headed duck). Kear comprehensively summarized published Anseriformes literature through 2004, and The Endangered species: swan goose, white-winged Birds of North America monograph series docu- duck, blue duck, Hawaiian duck (consid- menting all North American species breeding ered a race of northern mallard A. platyrhyn- north of Mexico and published between 993 chos in this book), Madagascar teal, brown teal, and 2003 has comprehensive literature sur- Meller’s duck, scaly-sided (Chinese) mergan- veys. Alternative English names shown in pa- ser, white-headed duck rentheses below are those used by Kear (2005) Vulnerable species: West Indian whistling duck, or other recent authorities. The conservation lesser white-fronted goose, Hawaiian goose, categories of “endangered”, “critically endan- red-breasted goose, Salvadori’s duck, Bai- gered” and “vulnerable” refer to their IUCN kal teal, Auckland Island teal (considered an classification status; individual countries, Auckland Island race of brown teal A. chlorotis states and conservation organizations may use in this book), Philippine duck, Eaton’s pintail different terminology or classification criteria. (considered a Kerguelen Island race of north- Endangered and vulnerable species are also ern pintail A. acuta in this book), marbled teal, listed and internationally protected by CITES Baer’s pochard (called Siberian white-eye in (the Convention on International Trade in En- this book), Steller’s eider dangered Species), as well as by individual countries or other geo-political entities. Subspecies Critically endangered subspecies: Borrero’s cinna- Pp. 2–4: Subfamily Anseranatinae; Tribe An- mon teal seranatini (Magpie Goose) Endangered subspecies: Madagascar white- backed duck, Andaman gray teal, New Zea- Most authorities now recognize that the land gray duck, Galápagos white-cheeked pin- magpie goose is the most generalized surviv- tail, Crozet Islands northern pintail, tropical ing species of the Anatidae, and that the family cinnamon teal, Colombian ruddy duck Anatidae exhibits a close phyletic relationship with the South American screamers (Anhimi- Vulnerable subspecies: Recherche Islands Cape dae). The Anseriformes in turn are part of an Barren goose (undescribed in 978, and thus ancient Cenozoic lineage that is most related was not included in this book), Midden- to the gallinaceous birds, as I first suggested dorf’s bean goose, thick-billed bean goose, in 960 on the basis of hybridization data, and tule greater white-fronted goose, dusky Can- as Sibley & Monroe (990) later documented. ada goose, Australian cotton pygmy goose, Pe- Livizey (997) has supported this position, as ruvian torrent duck, Colombian torrent duck, have Dzerzhinsky (995), Mayr & Clark (2003), Merida speckled teal and others. Magpie Goose. This enigmatic species is now Species Accounts (pp. 2–385) well studied, and continues to survive fairly well in northern Australia