OFFICE OF EVALUATION Resilience programme evaluation series Evaluation of FAO’s resilience sub-programme in Somalia (2013-2014) ANNEXES November 2015 RERSILIENCE PROGRAMME EVALUATION SERIES Evaluation of FAO’s resilience sub-programme in Somalia (2013-2014) ANNEXES FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE OF EVALUATION November 2015 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Office of Evaluation (OED) This report is available in electronic format at: http://www.fao.org/evaluation The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 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For further information on this report, please contact: Director, Office of Evaluation (OED) Food and Agriculture Organization Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 1, 00153 Rome Italy Email: [email protected] Evaluation of FAO’s resilience sub-programme in Somalia - Annexes Contents Annex 1: Evaluation terms of reference ...........................................................................1 Annex 2: Somalia resilience sub-programme portfolio analysis ...........................10 Annex 3: Donors .................................................................................................................... 22 Annex 4: FAO resilience programme outcomes and outputs ................................ 24 Annex 5: Projects by sector ................................................................................................ 26 iii Evaluation of FAO’s resilience sub-programme in Somalia - Annexes iv Evaluation of FAO’s resilience sub-programme in Somalia - Annexes Annex 1: Evaluation terms of reference Context 1 Somalia is in a situation of protracted and complex crisis characterized by high vulnerability to malnutrition and food insecurity. The drought in 2010-2011 affected all regions of the south, resulting in famine conditions and exposing the limits of Somalis’ strained coping mechanisms. According to Somalia Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit (FSNAU)1, at the end of 2014, the gradual recovery and gains made since the end of the famine in 2012 were being lost as poor rains, conflict, trade disruptions and reduced humanitarian assistance had led to a worsening of the food security situation across Somalia. In early 2015, a large number of people across the country is expected to remain food insecure through June 2015. According to nutrition surveys conducted across Somalia between October and December 2014, an estimated 202,600 children under the age of five were acutely malnourished. In areas in South-Central affected by trade disruption due to conflict, cereal prices have declined from their highs in July 2014 but remain above their five-year averages. 2 New Prime Minister Omar Abdirashidi Ali Shamarke announced his new cabinet list on January 27th, 2015, after the previous proposed list met heavy opposition. Federal legislators later approved the new Council of Ministers on 9 February. Al-Shabaab attacks continue in many parts of the country, as well as blockade of towns in south and central Somalia. The on-going joint military offensive by the Somali National Army and AMISOM (AU mission in Somalia) has forced Al-Shabaab from its strongholds in south-central Somalia toward Kenya in the south and the semi-autonomous region of Puntland in the north. Conflict has recently flared up between Al-Shabaab and Puntland security forces in the Galgala hills region 50 kilometres southwest of the northern port city of Bosaso2. 3 The overall humanitarian operating environment in Somalia continues to be challenging3: over 3,000 violent incidents with humanitarian implications were recorded in 2014, severely restricting the mobility of aid workers especially in the southern regions. Large parts of southern and central Somalia, mainly rural areas and outskirts of the main towns, remain under the control or influence of Al-Shabaab who target aid workers and disrupt humanitarian assistance. Deteriorating humanitarian situation since the beginning of 2014 has resulted to creative modalities by operational partners to access difficult to reach areas and assist people in need. While no sustained road access has been secured, road deliveries are being made to some of the hard to reach areas in Bay, Gedo, Hiraan, Lower and Middle Juba and Galgaduud regions via access corridors in Puntland, Ethiopia and the Kenyan border and through the facilitation of clan elders and other community interlocutors. Beyond security concerns, however, access roads to Jalalaqsi and Burlo Burte are in very poor physical condition. Discussions continue to be undertaken with the authorities on the need to secure the major supply routes. Resilience 4 Resilience is defined here as the capacity to anticipate, resist and/or recover from stresses or shocks in ways that preserve integrity and do not deepen vulnerability. It includes both the ability to withstand threats and the ability to adapt to new options if necessary. The focus on resilience bridges humanitarian and development programming to better address overlapping risks and stresses. 5 Resilience analysis tries to identify the different responses adopted by a household and capture the “dynamic” components of the adopted strategies. A resilience approach 1 www.fsnau.org 2 Security council security report, February 2015 Monthly Forecast. http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly- forecast/2015-02/somalia_18.php 3 Humanitarian Coordination Forum Key humanitarian issues | February 2015 1 Evaluation of FAO’s resilience sub-programme in Somalia - Annexes investigates not only how disturbances and change might influence the structure of a system (for example, a household or a community), but also how its functionality in meeting these needs might change. 6 The focus on the concept of resilience is relatively recent within the wider development community. In 2005, 168 Governments adopted a 10-year plan to make the world safer from natural hazards at the World Conference on Disaster Reduction, held in Japan. The “Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to disasters”, offers guiding principles, priorities for action and practical means for achieving disaster resilience for vulnerable communities. In the following years, FAO adopted a resilience lens as part of its disaster risk reduction work in emergencies, and later on through the development of resilience concepts based on a livelihood and food security perspective. 7 In 2013, with the adoption of its reviewed Strategic Framework4 and the formulation of its Medium-Term Plan5, FAO officially put resilience building as a top priority, including it as its fifth Strategic Objectives, “Increasing Resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises”. FAO’s Strategic Objective 5 aims at helping countries to prepare for natural and human-caused disasters by reducing their risk and enhancing the resilience of their food and agricultural systems6. FAO in Somalia 8 FAO has no formal representation in Somalia. In addition to Mogadishu office which has a small number of staff, there are four FAO field offices in Somalia located in Dolow, South Central, Garowe and Bosasso, Puntland, and Hargeisa, Somaliland. A large office exists in Nairobi which remotely manages the implementation of the FAO Somalia programme through the five offices in Somalia. 9 Overall programme delivery in Somalia has seen a steady increase since 2011 with a peak in 2013 reaching 70 million USD, and a slight decline thereafter. The figure below shows that interventions have been primarily emergency focused since 2011: non-emergency operations represented less than 5% of the total delivery in 2014. Total field programme delivery 2009-2014 10 Since 2012, FAO’s cooperation in its Member Countries is based on a Country Programming Framework (CPF), which defines the medium-term response to the assistance needs of the country in pursuit of national development objectives, within FAO’s Strategic 4 http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/027/mg015e.pdf 5 http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/027/mf490e.pdf 6 For more information on FAO’s five strategic objectives: http://www.fao.org/about/en/ 2 Evaluation of FAO’s resilience sub-programme in Somalia