Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09434-5 — Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity Edited by Nicola Di Cosmo , Michael Maas Index More Information index Abu Mash‘ar, 242–7 Heraclius and, 33, 56 Kitab al-milal wa-I-duwal, 246 pearls and, 258 “Account of Weights and Prices Submitted to Roman/Byzantine loss of territory to, 421 the Kara-Khoja Palace Treasury,” 88 Yemen-Axum conflict and, 105 Achaemenids, 57, 59, 60 archaeology. See also elite self-representation Ackermann, Phyllis, 238 among Türks; specific sites Adrianople, battle of (378), 20–1, 277 Hunnic/Xiongnu cauldrons, 181–5 Ādur Gušnasp (Takht-e Solaymān, Iran), 66 Hunnic/Xiongnu identity and, 177, Aetius (Roman general), 277 179–81, 187 Afrasiyab murals, Samarkand, 263 migrations, evidence for, 180–1 Agathias, 30, 279, 328 northern migration topos and, 158 Ahriman, 236, 241 Sogdians, new archaeological evidence for, Akhshunwar (Hephthalite leader), 295, 296 89–91 Alans, 81 Ardashir I (Sasanian ruler), 59, 60, 61, 241, Alexander the Great, 11, 27, 63, 123–4, 126, 256, 287, 300 132, 278 Aristotle, On Interpretation, 209 Alexander’s Gate, legend of, 33–4 Armenia Alkhan Huns, 290 Ašxarhac‘oyc‘ (Description of the world), Along the Silk Road (modern drama), 89 132 Alopen (Christian missionary in Tang miniature of Adoration of the Magi, China), 217 Etschmiadsin Gospel, 263 Altheim, Franz, 190 pearls, value of, 261, 262, 263 “Ambassadors’ Painting,” 247–50 Arrian of Nicomedia, 123, 278 Ambrose of Milan, 20, 32 Arsacids, 56, 57, 66 Ammianus Marcellinus, 20, 28, 130–2, 259, Ashina (Türk ruling dynasty), 307–10, 277, 278, 288 312, 315 An Lushan rebellion (755–763), 110, 120, 223, Aśoka (Mauryan emperor), 230 388, 397, 398, 413, 415 astrology and astrological lore, 12, 235–52 An Shigao, 222 Abu Mash‘ar, zodiacal system of, 242–7 Anagui (Rouran khagan), 50 Chaldaeo-Persian system of seven Analects (Lunyu), 225 planets, 250 Anatolius (Roman envoy), 361, 362 Indian system of nine planets, 250–1 Anga and Anga Tomb, 87, 90, 92, 93, 94 Muqanna‘, control of luminaries in Apophthegmata Patrum (Sayings of the propaganda apparatus of, 251–2 Desert Fathers), 214 rainmaking, 250 Arabs. See also Islam in Sasanian Iran, 235–42 astrology and, 235 Sogdians, 247–50 as Gog and Magog, 32, 33 Türks and Türk empires, 250, 251 487 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09434-5 — Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity Edited by Nicola Di Cosmo , Michael Maas Index More Information 488 * Index astrology and astrological lore (cont.) Bardesanes of Edessa, Book of the Laws of Uyghurs, 250 Countries, 127 Zoroastrianism and, 236–41, 242 Barfield, Thomas, 275, 323 Ašxarhac‘oyc‘ (Description of the world), Barford, Paul, 149 132 Barmakids of Balkh, 246 Attila the Hun Bartol’d, Vasilij, 317 ethnicity and, 194, 198, 203 Batty, Roger, 22 Hun state under, 325 Bayly, Chris, 101 Roman/Byzantine diplomacy and, 358–60, Beckwith, C. I., 4 363, 364 Bede, 103 Roman/Byzantine Eurasian policy and, Beichao zhuliu theory, 169–70 277, 278, 283 Bentley, Jerry, 7 Roman/Byzantine steppe relations and, 19, Benveniste, Émile, 214 22, 28 Bilge (Türk khagan), 195, 310, 314, 356, 396, 411 Sasanian Iran and, 64 al-Biruni, 250 Atwood, Christopher, 178 Bistam (Sasanian commander), 299 Augustine of Hippo, 32, 104 black death, 83 Augustus (Roman emperor), 21, 124 Bleda (Hun leader), 363 Ausonius, 156 “block” system of Roman/Byzantine Avars diplomacy, 358–9, 360 Bulgars, emergence of, 330 “blood sweat horses,” 80 ethnicity issues and, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, Boareke (Sabir queen), 329 199–202 Bodmer, Walter, 140, 149 Justin II’s break with, 23 Bögü Qaghan (Uyghur), 398 Roman/Byzantine diplomacy and, 359, 365, Bokovenko, Nikolai, 177 366, 367 Boodberg, P. A., 83 Roman/Byzantine-steppe relations and, 23 The Book of the Feats of Ardashir son of Rouran identified with, 271, 272 Pābag, 241 states of, 317, 324 Book of Zhou, 283 Theophylact Simocatta on, 284 Bookolabras (Avar high priest), 201 Türks and, 271, 272 Borgolte, Michael, 188 Avesta, 236 Boroo stele, Central Mongolia, 339–42 Axum and Axumites, 72, 105, 106 Bourdieu, Pierre, 160 Ayvān-e Kīsra, Ctesiphon, 62, 68, 74 Bowersock, Glen, 97, 105 Azuma, U., 351 Brahmi script, Türk steles using, 342–4 Brosseder, Ursula, xiii, 12, 176, 424, 427 Bactria Brown, Peter, xiii, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 96, 286, 419, Hephthalite control of, 290, 295 420, 421 as trade center, 79 bubonic plague, 83 Bahram Chobin, 299 Buddhism, 12, 220–34, 423 Bahram V (Sasanian ruler), 290–1 artistic and aesthetic influence on Baian (Avar khagan), 195, 200, 366 China, 233 Baideng, battle of (200 BCE), 38 chairs introduced to China by, 115, 234 Baitenov, E. M., 344 Chinese language affected by, 114 Bal‘ami, 298 communication and trade routes, Ball, Warwick, 124 movement along, 77, 78 Bamiyan fresco, Afghanistan, 265 cultural influence on China, 225–34 Banū Tamīm, 258 family, understanding of, 114 barbarians. See also specific groups foreignness of, in China, 229–30 Chinese beliefs about barbarian ability to under Han dynasty, 113–14, 221–2 partake in ritual observances, 102–3 India and Central Asia, monastics and “five barbarians” period in China-steppe texts from, 223–4 relations, 44–7 knowledge of India brought to China by, Greco-Roman concept of, 153–5 232–3 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09434-5 — Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity Edited by Nicola Di Cosmo , Michael Maas Index More Information Index * 489 linguistic influence and translation of direct contact with Central Asians, 125 texts, 225, 226–9 imperial efforts to gather information, 124 material impact on China, 234 Maes Titianos, travel narrative of, 125–6, monasteries and monasticism in China, 127, 132 114, 230–2 Peutinger Map, 127–9 Northern Wei and, 48, 112, 233 Ptolemaic frame, limited by, 125, 126, regnal titles and, 391, 394, 395, 396 131, 132 rulership, influencing ideology of, 222, trade and diplomacy influencing, 129–30 230–1 Chach coins, 347–50 Sasanian Iran, failure to spread to, 224, 235 Chadwick, Hector Munro, 159 Sasanian ruler representation affecting, 68 Chagan-obo site, eastern Kazakhstan, 344 Silk Road, spreading along, 420 chairs introduced to China through Sui dynasty and, 116 Buddhism, 115, 234 in Tang Eurasian synthesis, 108–10, 112–15, Chalcedon, Council of (451), 422 116, 119 Chang (Northern Wei empress dowager), 375 trade and communication routes, “charismatic” goods, luxury goods as, 100. spreading via, 224–5 See also luxury goods Bugut stele, Central Mongolia, 334, 337, 339, Charlemagne, 104 342–7 Chen Yinke, 168, 170, 172 Bulgars/Bulgarians, 24, 193, 195, 317, 324, Childe, V. Gordon, 158 328–9, 330–1, 422 China, 423. See also Buddhism; China-steppe Bumïn (Türk khagan), 50, 195, 307–8, 309, 389 relations; “followership” in northeast- Bundahishn, 239 ern Eurasia; ideological entanglement Burgundians, 277 and conflict in eastern Eurasia; Bury, J. B., 159 Northern Dynasties, historiography of; Buzand, P‘awstos, 289 Northern Wei; Tang Eurasian synthesis; Byzantines. See specific entries at Roman/ specific dynasties Byzantine Christianity and Mediterranean culture in, 207, 217–18, 226 calendrical tables in Syriac and Sogdian, 215 communication and trade routes, 76–8, 82 Cameron, Dame Averil, xiii, 419 cosmological expressions of world Canepa, Matthew P., xiii, 10, 14, 54, 99, 104, empire, 58 262, 420 elite self-representation among Türks, Cang Ci (prefect of Dunhuang), 78 “Chinese” features of, 334–42 Cao Cao (warlord), 46 glass as luxury good in, 100 Capelli, Cristian, 140 glossary of Chinese terms, 431 Carolingian kingship, 410 Greek knowledge of, 27 Catalaunian Fields, battle of (451), 278 inscription of foreign ruling elites into cauldrons. See Hunnic/Xiongnu cauldrons Chinese dynastic history, 164 Cavalli Sforza, Luigi, 136 nomadic state formation, as catalyst Central Asia for, 324 communication and trade routes, 78–9 northern migration as historical trope and, Tang Eurasian synthesis of influences 152, 161–5 from (See Tang Eurasian synthesis) periodization and disruption of imperial Central Asia in late Roman mental map, 11, continuity in, 35–6 123–32 political systems, hybridization of, 14 Alexandrine tradition, bounded by, 123–4, ritual observance, beliefs about barbarian 126, 129, 132 ability to partake in, 102–3 Ammianus Marcellinus, 130–2 Roman/Byzantine empire, awareness Armenian Ašxarhac‘oyc‘ (Description of of, 421 the world), 132 Sasanian empire and, 57 Bardesanes of Edessa, Book of the Laws and China-steppe relations, 10, 35–53 Countries, 127 disruption of imperial continuity in China difficulty obtaining information, 123, 124 and, 35–6 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09434-5 — Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity Edited by Nicola Di Cosmo , Michael Maas Index More Information 490 * Index China-steppe relations (cont.) Classic of the Way and Power (Daode Jing), “five barbarians” period, 44–7 113, 225 Han dynasty’s rise and confrontation with Clavigero, F. S., 151 Xiongnu, 41–2 client-patron relationships. See heqin (harmonious kinship) policy, “followership” in northeastern Eurasia 41–2, 202 climate and terrain theories, 27, 179, 185–6, incorporation of nomads as buffer states, 404–6 43–4 coins and coinage military strategies, 42–3 Chach coins, 347–50 northern and southern dynasties, Shoroon-Bumbagar, tomb at, 350–6 separation of China into, 47 commerce and exchange. See trade and northern frontier, fortification of, 37–8 communication Roman-steppe relations compared, 274 Confucianism, 114, 229, 386, 388, 391, 394 Rouran, 44, 46, 49–51 Constantine I the Great (Roman emperor), “Silk Road exchange” and, 39–41 129, 259, 260 Türks, 50–1 Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (Roman Xianbei and rise of Northern Wei, 47–9 emperor), 281, 425 Xiongnu empire, formation and structure Constantius II (Roman emperor), 129 of, 38–9 Coop, Graham, 146, 149 Chionites, 288, 289, 290 Corippus, 366 Chosroes.