Environmental Health Criteria 125 Platinum Please note that the layout and pagination of this web version are not identical with the printed version. Platinum (EHC 125, 1991) INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 125 Platinum This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization First draft prepared by Dr. G. Rosner, Dr. H.P. König, and Dr. D. Coenen-Stass, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research, Germany World Health Orgnization Geneva, 1991 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human health and the quality of the environment. Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experimental laboratory, and risk-assessment methods that could produce internationally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the field of toxicology. Other activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Platinum. (Environmental health criteria: 125) 1. Platinum - adverse effects 2. Platinum - toxicity 3. Environmental exposure I.Series ISBN 92 4 157125 X (LC Classification QD 181.P8) Page 1 of 109 Platinum (EHC 125, 1991) ISSN 0250-863X (c) World Health Organization 1991 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. For rights of reproduction or translation of WHO publications, in part or in toto, application should be made to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. The World Health Organization welcomes such applications. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the impression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of every country, territory, city, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. CONTENTS ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR PLATINUM 1. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1.1. Identity, physical and chemical properties, analytical methods 1.2. Sources of human and environmental exposure 1.3. Environmental transport, distribution, and transformation 1.4. Environmental levels and human exposure 1.5. Kinetics and metabolism 1.6. Effects on laboratory mammals and in vitro test systems 1.7. Effects on humans 1.8. Effects on other organisms in the laboratory and field 2. IDENTITY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, ANALYTICAL METHODS 2.1. Identity 2.2. Physical and chemical properties 2.2.1. Platinum metal 2.2.2. Platinum compounds 2.3. Conversion factors 2.4. Analytical methods 2.4.1. Sampling 2.4.2. Sample pretreatment 2.4.3. Detection and measurement 2.4.3.1 Spectrophotometry 2.4.3.2 Radiochemical methods 2.4.3.3 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy 2.4.3.4 Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis 2.4.3.5 Electrochemical analysis 2.4.3.6 Proton-induced X-ray emission 2.4.3.7 Liquid chromatography 2.4.3.8 Atomic absorption spectrometry 2.4.3.9 Inductively coupled plasma 2.4.3.10 Inductively coupled plasma - Page 2 of 109 Platinum (EHC 125, 1991) mass spectrometry 3. SOURCES OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE 3.1. Natural occurrence 3.2. Anthropogenic sources 3.2.1. Production levels and processes 3.2.1.1 World production figures 3.2.1.2 Manufacturing processes 3.2.1.3 Emissions from stationary sources 3.2.1.4 Emissions from automobile catalysts 3.2.2. Uses 4. ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION, AND TRANSFORMATION 4.1. Transport and distribution between media 4.2. Biotransformation 4.3. Ultimate fate following use 5. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE 5.1. Environmental levels 5.1.1. Ambient air 5.1.2. Water and sediments 5.1.3. Soil 5.1.4. Food 5.1.5. Terrestrial and aquatic organisms 5.2. General population exposure 5.3. Occupational exposure during manufacture, formulation or use 6. KINETICS AND METABOLISM 7. EFFECTS ON LABORATORY MAMMALS AND IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS 7.1. Single exposure 7.2. Short-term exposure 7.3. Skin and eye irritation; skin and respiratory sensitization 7.3.1. Skin irritation 7.3.2. Eye irritation 7.3.3. Skin sensitization 7.3.4. Skin and respiratory sensitization 7.3.5. Respiratory sensitization 7.3.6. Sensitization by other routes 7.4. Reproductive toxicity, embryotoxicity, and teratogenicity 7.5. Mutagenicity and related end-points 7.6. Carcinogenicity and anticarcinogenicity 7.7. Other special studies 7.7.1. Effects on alveolar macrophages 7.7.2. Non-allergic mediator release 7.7.3. Effects on mitochondrial function 7.7.4. Effects on the nervous system 7.7.5. Side effects on cisplatin and its analogues 7.8. Factors modifying toxicity 8. EFFECTS ON HUMANS 8.1. General population exposure 8.1.1. Acute toxicity - poisoning 8.1.2. Effects of exposure to platinum emitted from automobile catalysts 8.2. Occupational exposure 8.2.1. Case reports and cross-sectional studies 8.2.2. Allergenicity of platinum and platinum compounds 8.2.3. Clinical manifestations Page 3 of 109 Platinum (EHC 125, 1991) 8.2.4. Immunological mechanism and diagnosis 8.2.5. Predisposing factors 8.3. Side effects of cisplatin 8.4. Carcinogenicity 9. EFFECTS ON OTHER ORGANISMS IN THE LABORATORY AND FIELD 9.1. Microorganisms 9.2. Aquatic organisms 9.2.1. Plants 9.2.2. Animals 9.3. Terrestrial organisms 10. EVALUATION OF HUMAN HEALTH RISKS AND EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT 10.1. Evaluation of human health risks 10.1.1. General population exposure 10.1.1.1 Exposure 10.1.1.2 Health effects 10.1.2. Occupational groups 10.1.2.1 Exposure 10.1.2.2 Health effects 10.2. Evaluation of effects on the environment 11. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROTECTION OF HUMAN HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT 11.1. Pre-employment screening and medical evaluations 11.2. Substitution with non-allergenic substances 11.3. Employment screening and medical evaluations 11.4. Workplace hygiene 12. FURTHER RESEARCH 13. PREVIOUS EVALUATIONS BY INTERNATIONAL BODIES REFERENCES RESUME RESUMEN WHO TASK GROUP ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR PLATINUM Members Dr V. Bencko, Institute of Hygiene, Charles University, Prague, Czechoslovakia Dr R.E. Biagini, Division of Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences, National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (Joint Rapporteur) Dr I. Farkas, National Institute of Hygiene, Budapest, Hungary Dr U. Heinrich, Department of Environmental Hygiene, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research, Hanover, Germany Dr R. Hertel, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research, Hanover, Germany Professor G. Kazantzis, Centre for Environmental Technology, Royal School of Mines, London, United Kingdom Professor A. Massoud, Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams Page 4 of 109 Platinum (EHC 125, 1991) University, Cairo, Egypt (Chairman) Dr R. Merget, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Dr G. Rosner, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research, Hanover, Germany (Joint Rapporteur) Dr A.E. Soyombo, Environmental & Occupational Health Division, Federal Ministry of Health, Lagos, Nigeria (Vice-Chairman) Observers Dr C.W. Bradford, Environmental, Health and Safety Services, Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Reading, United Kingdom Dr W.E. Mayr, Industrial Toxicology Department, Degussa AG, Hanau- Wolfgang, Germany Secretariat Dr P.G. Jenkins, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Division of Environmental Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland Dr E.M. Smith, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Division of Environmental Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland NOTE TO READERS OF THE CRITERIA DOCUMENTS Every effort has been made to present information in the criteria documents as accurately as possible without unduly delaying their publication. In the interest of all users of the environmental health criteria documents, readers are kindly requested to communicate any errors that may have occurred to the Manager of the International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, in order that they may be included in corrigenda, which will appear in subsequent volumes. * * * A detailed data profile can be obtained from the International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals, Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland (Telephone