Healthy Children in Sound Communities- Community Based Networking for Health Enhanced Physical Activities of Children in China and Germany Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Dr. phil. vorgelegt von Jiali Shen geboren am 16.02.1983 in Huzhou China Fakultät für Bildungswissenschaften der Universität Duisburg-Essen Tag der Disputation : 19.01.2017 Prof. Dr. Roland Naul Prof. Dr. Jessica Süßenbach (Universität Duisburg-Essen) (Universität Duisburg-Essen) CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................................... 5 LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ 6 LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................. 8 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... 10 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 19 PART A .................................................................................................................................................. 21 1 LITERATURE REVIEW FROM CHINA ................................................................................. 21 1.1 Chinese Sport Development in Physical Activity and Promotion ................... 21 1.1.1 Four Stages of Chinese Sport Development ...................................................... 21 1.1.2 Chinese Physical Activity and Promotion in Schools ....................................... 24 1.1.2.1 Chinese Physical Activity and Promotion in Schools (1980s) .......................... 24 1.1.2.2 Chinese Physical Activity and Promotion in Schools (1990s) .......................... 26 1.1.2.3 Chinese Physical Activity and Promotion in Schools (21 Century) ................. 26 1.2 Public Health Status of China ............................................................................ 29 1.2.1 Public Health Status of Chinese Adults ............................................................. 29 1.2.2 Public Health Status of Chinese Children and Adolescent .............................. 34 1.3 Chinese Nutrition and Diet Report .................................................................... 43 1.4 Chinese Media and Screen Time Report ........................................................... 46 1.5 Chinese Transportation Report .......................................................................... 49 1.6 Chinese Physical Health Standards ................................................................... 52 1.7 Outcomes of Shanghai studies ............................................................................ 59 2 LITERATURE REVIEW FROM GERMANY ......................................................................... 65 2.1 German Sport and Health Report at National Levels ...................................... 66 2.2 German Sport and Health Report at Regional Levels ..................................... 79 2.3 German Nutrition and Diet Report ................................................................... 86 2.4 German Media and Screen Time Report .......................................................... 93 PART B ................................................................................................................................................ 102 3 REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL COMPARABLE SCHOOL-BASED PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AND HEALTH STUDIES .................................................................................. 102 3.1 Geographical Overview of Children and Adolescent Intervention Studies .. 103 3.2 Parameter by BS and PA Comparable Studies ............................................... 107 3.3 Parameter by BS, PA and Nutrition (diet) Comparable Studies ................... 107 3.4 Parameter by BS, PA , Nutrition and Motor Test Comparable Studies ........ 108 3.5 Summary of Comparable Studies in China and Germany ............................ 114 3.6 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 119 4 INVESTIGATION OF HCSC PROJECT ................................................................................ 128 4.1 Concept and Strategy of HCSC ........................................................................ 128 4.2 Organization and Construction of HCSC ....................................................... 129 4.3 Arrangements and Implements of HCSC ....................................................... 130 4.4 Evaluation and Supervision of HCSC ............................................................. 133 4.5 Record of HCSC in Germany and Europe ...................................................... 133 4.6 Record of HCSC in Shanghai ........................................................................... 134 PART C ................................................................................................................................................ 136 5 REVIEWS AND HYPOTHESIS BETWEEN CHINA AND GERMANY ............................. 136 5.1 Chinese Results and Outcome of Reviews of Overweight .............................. 136 5.2 Chinese Results and Outcome of Reviews of Motor Development ............... 137 5.3 German Results and Outcome of Reviews of Overweight ............................. 137 5.4 German Results and Outcome of Reviews of Motor Development ............... 138 5.5 Hypothesis of HCSC-CN-DE ............................................................................ 139 2 5.5.1 BMI ..................................................................................................................... 139 5.5.2 Physical development ........................................................................................ 139 6 DATA AND ANALYZE OF HCSC-CN-DE .............................................................................. 141 6.1 HCSC-CN-DE Research Parameter ................................................................ 141 6.2 HCSC-CN-DE Research Method ..................................................................... 141 6.3 HCSC-CN-DE Research Data and Analyzing of BMI ................................... 142 6.3.1 Hypothesis one and two .................................................................................... 142 6.3.2 Hypothesis three and four ................................................................................ 143 6.3.3 Hypothesis five and six ...................................................................................... 144 6.3.4 Hypothesis seven and eight ............................................................................... 144 6.4 HCSC-CN-DE Research Data and Analyzing of Motor Test ......................... 145 6.4.1 Hypothesis one and three .................................................................................. 145 6.4.2 Hypothesis two and four ................................................................................... 146 6.4.3 Hypothesis five, six and seven .......................................................................... 146 6.4.4 Hypothesis eight, nine and ten ......................................................................... 147 6.4.5 Hypothesis eleven, twelve and thirteen ............................................................ 148 6.5 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 148 PART D ................................................................................................................................................ 149 7 DISCUSSION AND COMPARISONS OF GERMAN RESULTS .......................................... 149 7.1 Comparisons of BMI ......................................................................................... 149 7.2 Comparisons of Motor Tests ............................................................................. 150 7.2.1 Coordination capacity ....................................................................................... 150 7.2.2 Aerobic capacity ................................................................................................ 150 7.2.3 Endurance strength capacity ............................................................................ 150 7.2.4 Explosive capacity ............................................................................................. 151 7.2.5 Agility capacity .................................................................................................. 151 7.2.6 Flexibility capacity ............................................................................................ 152 7.2.7 Discussion ........................................................................................................... 152 7.2.8 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 153 8 DISCUSSION AND COMPARISONS OF CHINESE RESULTS .......................................... 154 8.1 Comparisons of BMI ......................................................................................... 154 8.2 Comparisons of Motor tests .............................................................................. 155 8.2.1 Coordination capacity ......................................................................................