Cultural Organizations, Networks and Mediators in Contemporary Ibero-America This book proposes an innovative conceptual framework to explore cultural organizations at a multilateral level and cultural mediators as key figures in cultural and institutionalization processes. Specifically, it analyzes the role of Ibero-American mediators in the institutionalization of Hispanic and Lusophone cultures in the first half of the 20th century by means of two institutional networks: PEN (the non-governmental writer’s association) and the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (predecessor to UNESCO). Attempting to combine cultural and global history, sociology, and literary studies, the book uses an analytical focus on intercultural networks and cultural transfer to investigate the multiple activities and roles that these mediators and cultural organizations set in motion. Literature has traditionally studied major figures and important centers of cultural production, but other regions and localities also played a crucial role in the development of intellectual cooperation. This book reappraises the place of Ibero-America in international cultural relations and retrieves the lost history of key secondary actors. The book will appeal to scholars from international relations, global and cultural history, sociology, postcolonial studies, world and comparative literature, and new Hispanisms. Diana Roig-Sanz is an ERC Starting Grant holder and a Ramn y Cajal senior research fellow at the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya. Jaume Subirana is Associate Professor of Literature at Pompeu Fabra University. 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The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis. com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution- Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-0-367-28050-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-29940-7 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents List of Figures viii List of Tables ix PART I Politics of the Spirit 1 1 Cultural Organizations, Networks and Mediators: An Introduction 3 DIANA ROIG-SANZ AND JAUME SUBIRANA 2 Rebuilding a Europe of Intellectuals (1918–1939) 24 CHRISTOPHE CHARLE 3 Cultural Mediators and Their Complex Transfer Practices 46 REINE MEYLAERTS PART II Cultural Organizations 63 4 A Representative Organization? Ibero-American Networks in the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations (1922–1939) 65 MARTIN GRANDJEAN 5 The 1933 Dubrovnik PEN Congress, or How to Deal with the Present That Was Already History 90 SIMONA ŠKRABEC 6 International PEN and the Republic of Literature 108 RACHEL POTTER vi Contents 7 The 1936 Meetings of the PEN Clubs and the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation in Buenos Aires 127 ALEJANDRA GIULIANI 8 Barcelona on the International Map of Modernity: The Conferentia Club’s Role in the Interwar Period 144 GABRIELLA GAVAGNIN PART III Cultural Mediators 173 9 Joan Estelrich and International Cooperation: From the Years of Expansi Catalana to His Activity for the PEN Club in the Early-Mid-1930s 175 SÍLVIA COLL-VINENT 10 The Spanish Center of the International PEN Through Its First Sumiller: From a Project of International Solidarity to an Expression of the Tensions of the Literary Society of Madrid (1922–1924) 200 LAURIE-ANNE LAGET 11 The International Relations of the Catalan PEN Until 1936: Guests, Congressors and Visitors 213 JOAN SAFONT PLUMED 12 The International Dimension of the Portuguese “Politics of the Spirit”: Antnio Ferro, Jlio Dantas, Fidelino de Figueiredo 232 ÂNGELA FERNANDES 13 Between the Local and the International: Enrique Gmez Carrillo and Antonio Aita at the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation 247 LAURA FÓLICA AND VENTSISLAV IKOFF 14 Torres Bodet and the “Male Pedagogies”: Radiography of a Thought of Transcultural and Transnational Circulation 272 MAURICIO ZABALGOITIA HERRERA Contents vii 15 Universalisms in Debate During the 1940s: International Organizations and the Dynamics of International Intellectual Cooperation in the View of Brazilian Intellectual Miguel Ozrio de Almeida 291 LETÍCIA PUMAR List of Contributors 314 Index 320 Figures 4.1 Composition of the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation Between 1922 and 1939, Highlighting the Ibero-American Personalities (Black) 74 4.2 Comparison Between a) the Proportion of Ibero-American Members Officially Appointed; b) the Proportion of Them Really Attending the Sessions (Without Substitutes); c) the Proportion of All Ibero-Americans Attending the Sessions Among All Participants (Members, Substitutes, Delegates, Secretaries, etc.) 76 4.3 Network of the 212 Participants in ICIC Meetings Between 1922 and 1939 81 14.1 The Little Sailor Becomes an Elegant Caballerito 274 14.2 Jaime and Josefina, a Romantic Young Couple 277 14.3 Torres Bodet as a Flâneur in Paris 280 14.4 The UNESCO Director at His Desk in Paris (c. 1950) 284 Tables 2.1 French and Foreign Students 39 2.2 Ranking of Foreign Student Nationalities in France by Size Per Academic Year 40 8.1 Number of Conferences According to Speaker Origin 154 8.2 Chronological List of Lectures Organized by Conferentia Club from 1929 to 1936 163 8.3 Alphabetical List of Lectures Organized by Conferentia Club from 1929 to 1936 170 Part I Politics of the Spirit 1 Cultural Organizations, Networks and Mediators: An Introduction Diana Roig-Sanz and Jaume Subirana This collective volume sets the grounds for a new approach exploring cul- tural organizations at a multilateral level and cultural mediators as key figures in cultural and institutionalization processes. To do so, the book proposes an innovative conceptual and methodological understanding of the participation of these agents and agencies in international networks of culture that helped build modernity in contemporary time, specifically in the first half of the 20th century. Cultural Organizations, Networks and Mediators in Contemporary Ibero-America brings together microhistory and global history and addresses the importance of events, conferences, relations, and agents to capture local, national, regional, and continen- tal connections as proposed today by global historians. Attempting to combine cultural and global history, sociology, and literary and transfer studies, the book stresses the need for an analytical focus on intercultural networks and cultural transfer and the transgression of fields through the overlap of actor roles and the multiple activities and multilateral pro- grams that these mediators and cultural organizations set in motion. The book addresses the fact that literature on aesthetic modernity tends to overlook Hispanic and Lusophone modernisms, as it keeps locating them on the peripheries and in doing so promotes temporal boundar- ies that mainly reflect an English-language bias. However, the interwar period saw an unprecedented increase of international cultural exchange driven by national and supranational bodies, and several cultural organi- zations, within an international scope, were founded to advance science, education, literature, religion, or arts ( Vimr 2018 ). The international mobility of many Latin American mediators, who pioneered students exchange programs, were diplomats, traveled for professional commit- ments, political reasons, or exile and elicited greater international interest in the particular traits and local traditions of Latin American cultures and literatures (especially for indigenous cultures). In that respect, the book proposes a number of case studies that aim to analyze the role of Latin American, Spanish, Portuguese, and Catalan cultural mediators in the institutionalization