Burden of Disease Air pollution among top killers Air pollution and Our Health: Setting the agenda Centre for Science and Environment New Delhi, February 13, 2013 Why it has become necessary to talk about air pollution and our health again…. Winter of 2012-13: Severe and consistent pollution episodes PM10 and PM2.5 Three major pollution episodes 1) 29 October to 7 November, 2012: PM2.5 5 to 9 times higher than the standard. PM10 5 to 7 times the standard. NO2 close to twice the standard NO2 2) 22 – 27 December 2012: Both PM10 and PM2.5 four times the standard. NO2 close to double the standard. 3) 11 January February 2013: PM levels 3 times higher than the standard. Number of days with critical pollution level skew during winter months PM10 classification of daily levels PM2.5 classification of daily levels NO2 classification of daily levels Aial aids…….Soke fo Punjab hogged news this year October 2012: This is NASA image of smoke plume from agricultural burning in neighbouring states Are there clean cities in India? Out of 180 cities monitored for SO2, NO2 and PM10 in 2010, only two towns Malapuram and Pathanamthitta in Kerala met the criteria of low pollution (50% below the standard) for all pollutants. More cities in grip of pollution -- PM10 monitoring increased from 96 cities in 2005 to 180 cities in 2010. NO2 monitoring increased from 100 -- Low polluted cities fallen from 10 to 2. -- cities to 177 cities Critically polluted cities (1.5 times the standards) 2005: Only 1 city exceeded the increased from 49 to 89 cities. standard. 2010: 19 cities -- 2005: 75% of cities exceeded the standard. 2010: -- 78% of cities Spot your city……. PM10 PROFILE OF CITIES NO2 PROFILE OF CITIES Critical Gwalior, West Singhbhum, Ghaziabad, Raipur, Delhi, Howrah, Barrackpore, Badlapur, Ulhasnagar, Asansol, Durgapur, Sankrail, Yamunanagar, Usgao, Jharia, Khanna, Alwar, Raniganj, Kolkata Gobindgarh, Amritsar, Allahabad, Bhatinda, Ludhiana, Ferozabad, Rishikesh, Lucknow, Kanpur, Haldwani, Muradabad, Satna, Agra, Dhanbad, Patna, Jodhpur, Byrnihat, Sindri, Khurja, Ranchi, Saraikela Kharsawan, Meerut, Faridabad, Jaipur, Dera Bassi, Dehradun, Raniganj, Jamshedpur, Chandrapur, Jalandhar, Patiala, Asansol, Durgapur, Haridwar, Paonta Sahib, Jabalpur, Bhopal, Kota, Noida, Anpara, Varanasi, Jalgaon, Barrackpore, Indore, Lote, Tuticorin, Amravati, Jhansi, Howrah, Talcher, Udaipur, Jammu, Navi Mumbai, Nagpur, Badlapur, Angul, Bhilai, Ulhasnagar, Latur, Baddi, Rourkela, Korba, Jamnagar, Nagaon, Ponda, Sankrail, Kolkata, Mumbai, Rajkot, Ahmedabad, Hissar, Nagda, Guwahati, Naya Nangal, Vijaywada, Vadodara, Mahad, Chandigarh, Hubli Dharwad, Codli, Bicholim, Bangalore, Roha, Gajraula High Nalagarh, Nalgonda, Kurnool, Panaji, Dewas, Salem, Parwanoo, South Suburban, Delhi, Haldia, Bicholim, Jamshedpur, Meerut, Noida, Saraikela Kharsawan, Bhubaneshwar, Kolhapur, Pune, South Suburban, Guntur, Silchar, Jalgaon, Raipur Vapi, Ujjain, Hyderabad, Kala Amb, Shillong, Coimbatore, Ankleshwar, Patencheru, Lakhimpur, Surat, Nashik, Dimapur, Pathankot/Dera Baba, Aurangabad, Cuttack, Golaghat, Balasore, Vishakhapatnam, Assanora, Dawki, Ramagundam, Nalbari, Tezpur, Damtal, Solapur, Sagar, Kohima, Nellore, Gulbarga, Tura, Kothagudem, Sangli, Vasco, Kochi, Moderate Sibsagar, Marmagao, Singrauli, Chennai, Tinsukia, Bongaigaon, Patna, Navi Mumbai, Pune, Jharia, Mahad, Ghaziabad, Sindri, Jaipur, Amritsar, Dhanbad, Gobindgarh, Daranga, Shimla, Rayagada, Berhampur, Haldia, Trivandrum, Amona, Ranchi, Solapur, Lucknow, Kanpur, Udaipur, Roha, Ferozabad, Nagpur, West Singhbhum, Ludhiana, Warangal, Thane, Sambalpur, Mangalore, Kottayam, Kollam, Madurai, Khanna, Bangalore, Dehradun, Lote, Faridabad, Jalandhar, Kota, Vadodara, Anpara, Mysore, Khurja, Wayanad, Kashipur, Hassan, Mysore, Alappuzha, Kozhikode, Aizwal, Jamnagar, Codli, Coimbatore, Sangli, Yamunanagar, Chandrapur, Salem, Nashik, Jabalpur, Jhansi, Chitoor, Silvassa, Dibrugarh, Curchorem, Puducherry, Tirupati, Daman, Ponda, Madurai, Alwar, Allahabad, Nagda, Vapi, Hyderabad, Ankleshwar, Surat, Trivandrum, Dera Belgaum, Palakkad, Thissur, Bassi, Talcher, Nalgonda, Patencheru, Jodhpur, Bhilai, Gajraula, Kolhapur, Hassan, Bhatinda, Muradabad, Angul, Korba, Ahmedabad, Aurangabad, Cuttack, Gwalior, Agra, Patiala, Varanasi, Rayagada Low Malapuram, Pathanamthitta in Kerala Mumbai, Vasco, Singrauli, Kottayam, Bilaspur, Bhopal, Indore, Nalagarh, Dewas, Bhubaneshwar, Kala Amb, Marmagao, Amona, Silvassa, Daman, Paonta Sahib, Rajkot, Panaji, Sagar, Kochi, Curchorem, Latur, Baddi, Naya Nangal, Chandigarh, Silchar, Vishakhapatnam, Assanora, Nalbari, Tinsukia, Byrnihat, Jammu, Guwahati, Lakhimpur, Golaghat, Chennai, Bongaigaon, Sambalpur, Kollam, Belgaum, Amravati, Nagaon, Vijaywada, Pathankot/Dera Baba, Sibsagar, Daranga, Thane, Dibrugarh, Hubli Dharwad, Ujjain, Tezpur, Gulbarga, Shimla, Berhampur, Puducherry, Pathanamthitta, Tuticorin, Parwanoo, Balasore, Ramagundam, Nellore, Wayanad, Rourkela, Guntur, Damtal, Kothagudem, Usgao, Shillong, Warangal, Kurnool, Tura, Kozhikode, Chitoor, Tirupati, Hissar, Mangalore, Dimapur, Thissur, Satna, Dawki, Aizwal, Palakkad, Kohima, Alappuzha, Malapuram Source: Based on CPCB air quality data It is about people…… •Close to half of total urban population breath the air which 50% of cities monitored are exceeds the standard of PM10. critically polluted for PM10 One third of urban population live in …… But 60% of people i • monitored cities live in areas with cities with PM10 levels classified as critical PM10 levels critical -- close to Japan’s population. 10% of total urban population breathes the air which exceeds the standard of NO2. Source: CSE based on CPCB air quality data and Census population data Changing positions of hotspots Non-metro cities have higher levels of PM10 Cities with high PM10 annual Cities with high levels PM10 annual levels average in average in 2005 2010 Ghaziabad 339 Gwalior 308 Gobindgarh 241 West Singhbhum 302 Ludhiana 233 Ghaziabad 290 Raipur 203 Raipur 289 Lucknow 192 Delhi 261 Satna 190 Yamunanagar 261 Kanpur 189 Usgao 245 Jalandhar 187 Jharia 237 Agra 183 Khanna 231 Jamshedpur 166 Alwar 225 Source: Computed from the data provided by the CPCB Mixed trends in cities --PM10: Stablised in Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Chennai —Increased -- Delhi. Bangalore and Mumbai show a decline in recent years --NO2: Stabilised in -- Ahmedabad, Chennai, Hyderabad, Increasing in Delhi, and Kolkata PM10 NO2 South Asia: Very high PM10 levels Source: Based on WHO air quality database Delhi has lost its gains. After a short respite pollution curve turns upward 240 70 RSPM Nitrogen 60 dioxide 180 50 40 120 30 20 60 NO2microgram/cu.metrein RSPMmicrogram/cu.metrein 10 0 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Based on CPCB data Ozone exceedanceThe has begun new in Jan-Febdanger: ozone Source: Based on DPCC air quality data Percentage of days exceeding hourly Ozone standards (Siri Fort, 2008-2010) 100 90 80 2008 2009 2010 70 65 61 60 50 45 40 32 29 30 23 23 20 20 20 13 11 13 12 10 8 9 10 10 6 % of days exceeding the 8-hr standard standard 8-hr exceedingthe days of % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jul-08 Jul-09 Jun-08 Oct-08 Jun-09 Oct-09 Apr-08 Apr-09 Jan-08 Apr-10 Jan-09 Jan-10 Mar-08 Mar-09 Mar-10 Nov-08 Nov-09 Feb-08 Feb-09 Feb-10 Aug-08 Aug-09 May-08 Sep-08 May-09 Sep-09 Dec-08 Dec-09 Proximity to source matters….. Stunning evidences in Delhi --- Commuters breathe far more harmful particles inside vehicles while traveling compared to the ambient concentration. -- The PM2.5 concentrations inside vehicles can be 1.5 times higher than the surrounding background air and ultra-fine levels about 8.5 times higher. -- The short-term peaks during travel can go above 1000 microgramme per cum – nearly 16 times the daily limit. (University of California, Berkeley research in Delhi) Influence of traffic maximum upto 500 meters from roadside. Health Effects Institute estimates that about 55% of Delhi’s population live in that influence zone. (Health Effects Institute on Delhi) Moutig gloal health evidees….. Numerous studies of varying scale and scope Scale of studies ---- Eg. the Arden Pope study (Journal of American Medical Association 2002) based on American Cancer Society data …..16 years, about 500,000 people in 116 metropolitan areas to arrive at irrefutable findings. ……… a mere increase of 10 microgramme per cum of PM2.5 can increase the risk of lung cancer by 8 per cent, cardiopulmonary deaths by 6 per cent, all deaths by 4 percent. These findings are equally valid for India …. Human health is same……. India has its own health evidences too….. Mounting evidences…… More than 72% studies after 1998 Surprise! Most studies done by doctors themselves……. Who has done the studies? Source: CSE Emerging evidences in Indian cities Studies in large number of cities Now studies on smaller cities as well Interesting …. About 60% studies have focused on exposure to traffic pollution…specially those occupationally exposed………… Source: CSE Studies have responded to the eegig oes i ai uality… -- Early years: Primary focus on SPM, SO2, and little on NOX – nearly 60% -- Subsequent years: A wider pollutant basket: VOCs, PM2.5, PAH VOCs etc PAHs -- Benzene and its Ozone impacts in more than Benzene 10% of studies since CO 2000. -- VOCs and PAHs in a PM2.5 few studies since PM10 2000. Nox -- But very little on SPM ozone – only one in SO2 Delhi….. 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Source: CSE Studies looking at a more diverse health end points…. Preditaly respiratory health syptos doiate….