4. Language contact EXFAC003-AAS v11 EXFAC03-AAS v11 Language 4: Language contact Steve Pepper <[email protected]> Thanks to Alexander, Daniel and Katarzyna Four new words for ‘pepper’ ● Sogdian: mr'ynck' (marēnčka) < Sanskrit marica ‘black pepper’ ● Yaghnobi: pelpel < Sogdian paδpaδ < Sanskrit pippali ‘long pepper’ ● Slovakian: korenie (‘spice’) ● Northern Saami: bihpar Special mention to ● Per Henrik and Hrafnkell – It’s not too late... Why study languages? calendar – one language per month 2 > Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk (IKOS) Steve Pepper Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk (IKOS) 1 4. Language contact EXFAC003-AAS v11 Course contents 1. Universals 2. Typology 3. Language families 4. Language contact 5. Language variation ? 6. Language death 3 > Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk (IKOS) Steve Pepper Language contact Topics Overview of linguistic areas Four effects of language ● East and South-East Asia ● Central Asia contact ● South Asia 1. Borrowing / loanwords ● Australia 2. Code-switching ● Polynesia 3. Language shift / ● The Americas ● The Middle East and North Africa interference ● The Ethiopian peninsula 4. Language generation ● Central Africa Linguistic areas ● West Sahel ● Coastal West Africa ● Bantu languages ● Khoisan languages 4 > Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk (IKOS) Steve Pepper Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk (IKOS) 2 4. Language contact EXFAC003-AAS v11 Borrowing In previous lectures: Topics Two reasons why languages ● Donor and recipient resemble each other languages ● Universal and/or typological ● Cultural vs. core borrowings tendencies (Lecture 1 + 2) ● Phonetic form vs. semantic ● Inheritance due to genetic content relationship (Lecture 3) ● What can be borrowed? Here we consider a third reason ● Borrowing 5 > Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk (IKOS) Steve Pepper Chinese grapes ZHO 葡萄 pútáo ‘grape’ < Old Iranian /ba:da:wa:/ Loaned more than two thousand years ago and still in use ● Nobody would regard it as a foreign element photo by ben fink ● Belongs to Chinese as much as any indigenous word Sense of belonging depends on the extent to ● Fully integrated into the language which borrowed items are ● The sense of belonging or adaptation is a adapted to the matter of degree ● phonology ● writing system and LAT cactus > ENG cactus, pl. cacti or cactuses ● grammar Original plural form being adapted to English of the borrowing language. morphological system 6 > Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk (IKOS) Steve Pepper Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk (IKOS) 3 4. Language contact EXFAC003-AAS v11 Japanese violins JPN バイオリン baiorin < ENG ‘violin’ The Japanese sound system lacks [v] and [l] ●[v] Î [b] [ɹ] Î [ɽ] The Geisha HAWARYU – A Meiji-era Beauty from Old Japan. Image: Okinawa Soba Labio- Most Japanese know that the word Bilabial dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal comes from English Nasal m n ɴ ● Some will even pronounce it with a [v] Plosive p b t d k ɡ ● Foreign origin also obvious from written form (katakana script) Fricative f v s z h Flap ɽ JPN パン pan < POR pão ‘bread’ Approximant ɹ j w Still written in katakana even though Lateral approximant l borrowed several centuries ago ● Otherwise fully integrated 7 > Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk (IKOS) Steve Pepper Swahili books Swahili (SWA, Bantu, E. Africa) ● Elaborate noun class system ● Many loan words from Arabic class semantics prefix singular translation plural 1, 2 persons m-/mu-, wa- mtu person watu 3, 4 trees, natural forces m-/mu-, mi- mti tree miti 5, 6 groups, aug. Ø/ji-, ma- jicho eye macho 7, 8 artifacts, dim. ki-, vi- kisu knife visu 9, 10 animals, loanwords Ø/n-, Ø/n- ndoto dream ndoto 11, 12 extension u-, Ø/n- ua fence, yard nyua 14 abstraction u- utoto childhood — (kitaab) ‘book’ > kitabu (CL7), pl. vitabu (CL8) ﻛﺘﺎب ● 8 > Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk (IKOS) Steve Pepper Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk (IKOS) 4 4. Language contact EXFAC003-AAS v11 Haba haba hujaza kibaba when I’s a little girl my grandma told me that is the little things in life that’s gone make me happy when I’s a little girl my grandma told me that is the little things in life that’s gone make me happy she said that little by little fills up the measure don’t ever give up keep on moving haba na haba hu-jaza ki-baba little by little little and little HAB-fill_up CL7-measure fills up the measure don’t ever give up Kiswahili proverb keep on moving ‘little by little fills the measure’ haba haba, hujaza kibaba http://www.kamu.si/en/lookup/sw?Word=kibaba 9 > Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk (IKOS) Steve Pepper Donor and recipient languages Borrowing involves Colonialism ●a donor language and a ● Vietnamese < French ● recipient language ● Wolof < French (Senegal) Example ● Wolof < English (Gambia) Great civilizations ENG orangutan < MSA orang ‘man’ + utan ‘forest’ ●Chinese> Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc. ● Donor language: Malay ● Arabic > Urdu, Persian, ● Recipient language: English Turkish, Swahili, Fula, etc. ● Persian > Urdu, Turkish, etc. In principle: Any language can be donor or recipient Dead languages ● Ancient Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, In practice: Donor often Classical Chinese enjoys greater prestige 10 > Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk (IKOS) Steve Pepper Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk (IKOS) 5 4. Language contact EXFAC003-AAS v11 Types of borrowing Cultural borrowings are more Cultural borrowings common than core borrowings ● Elements that fill a lexical gap ●JPN sushi ●ZHO paper tiger ●SWAsafari Core borrowings ● Elements that replace existing elements ●ZHO zài-jiàn Î bái-bái ‘bye-bye’ ●HIN dhyanavād Î thainkyū People of the world unite, defeat the American imperialists Î and all their running dogs – all reactionaries are paper tigers ● URD shukriyā thainkyū 11 > Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk (IKOS) Steve Pepper Phonetic form vs. semantic content Loan translations (calques) Meaning is more easily ● Foreign composite translated borrowed than sound directly – XHO lán-méi ‘blueberry’ (‘blue’ + ‘berry’) Direct loans Loan creations ● Phonetic form borrowed and adapted ● New composite using – baiorin, sushi, orangutan, indigenous elements safari, kitabu – XHO diàn-nǎo ‘computer’ (lit. ‘electric brain’) Loan shift (semantic loans) Loan blends (hybrids) ● Indigenous word extends its meaning ● Mixture of loan and translation – XHO dìng ‘fixed; stable’ → – HIN/URD ḍabal kamrā ‘double ‘meditative state’ room’ 12 > Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk (IKOS) Steve Pepper Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk (IKOS) 6 4. Language contact EXFAC003-AAS v11 What can be borrowed? Almost anything can be borrowed Peripheral vocabulary more easily ● Sounds, meanings, word order, than basic vocabulary derivational affixes, inflections and ● body parts, kinship terms, grammatical categories pronouns, basic verbs, etc. more resistant Lexical items more easily than grammar and phonology Derivational affixes easily borrowed Open word classes more easily than closed word classes Grammar with a wide scope more ● nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs easily than grammar with a narrow scope ● pronouns, pre- and postpositions, conjunctions, etc. ● conjunctions (e.g. ‘and’) easier to borrow than TAM markers Nouns more easily borrowed than verbs, (e.g. JPN < ZHO) Sound system may be changed as a result of lexical borrowing 13 > Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk (IKOS) Steve Pepper WOLD – http://wold.livingsources.org/ World Loanword Database Database of “basic vocabulary” ● 41 recipient languages ● 369 donor languages Swahili, Iraqw, Gawwada, Hausa, Kanuri, Tarifiyt ● 1,000-2,000 words per language Berber, Seychelles Creole, Romanian, Selice Romani, ● 24 “semantic fields” Lower Sorbian, Old High the physical world, kinship, animals, the body, food and drink, clothing and grooming, German, Dutch, English, the house, agriculture and vegetation, basic actions and technology, motion, Kildin Saami, Bezhta, possession, spatial relations, quantity, time, sense perception, emotions and values, Archi, Manange, Ket, cognition, speech and language, social and political relations, warfare and hunting, law, Sakha, Oroqen, Japanese, religion and belief, modern world, miscellaneous function words Mandarin Chinese, Thai, ● 1,460 “meanings” Vietnamese, White Hmong, Ceq Wong, Indonesian, 5.78 ‘olive’ (0.93 %), 5.85 ‘sugar’ (0.79 %), 5.92 ‘wine’ Malagasy, Takia, Hawaiian, (0.74 %), 5.93 ‘beer’ (0.68 Gurindji, Yaqui, Zinacantán %), 5.27 ‘kettle’ (0.68 %), Tzotzil, Q'eqchi', Otomi, 5.88 ‘cheese’ (0.66 %), 5.82 Saramaccan, Imbabura ‘pepper’ (0.66 %) Quechua, Kali'na, Hup, Wichí, Mapudungunv 14 > Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk (IKOS) Steve Pepper Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk (IKOS) 7 4. Language contact EXFAC003-AAS v11 Code-switching Lakini niko sure ukienda after two days utaipata Uchimi Supermarket kwa wingi ‘But I am sure if you go after two days you will find it at Uchimi Supermarket in abundance.’ Switch between two (or more) Motivations for code-switching different language codes in a 1. To fill a lexical gap single stretch of discourse 2. To express the pragmatic force One language is primary, the or the “feeling” more precisely other secondary 3. To signal in-group membership ● Sometimes these also switch of two communities