Aquatic Protected Areas What works best and how do we know? World Congress on Aquatic Protected Areas Cairns, Australia - August 2002 Editors: JP Beumer, A Grant and DC Smith National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in Publication entry APAC Congress (2002: Cairns, Qld.). Aquatic protected areas – what works best and how do we know? World Congress on Aquatic Protected Areas proceedings. Bibliography ISBN 0-646-43022-X 1. Protected areas – Management – Congresses 2. Aquatic resources – Management – Congresses I. Beumer, J.P. (John Peter), Grant, A., Smith, D.C. II. ASFB III. Title 333.95 © ASFB Australia 2003 This book is available from: President, ASFB, WA Marine Research Laboratory PO Box 20, North Beach WA 6020 Australia. Design cover and printed by Printery & Print on Demand University of Queensland Printery, St Lucia: Queensland, Australia. Formatting and production: Diane Mahon – PIRVic Victoria, Australia. EDITORS J P Beumer Queensland Fisheries Service GPO Box 46 Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia A Grant 626 Park Street Carlton North, Victoria 3054, Australia D C Smith Primary Industries Research Victoria Queenscliff Centre PO Box 114 Queenscliff, Victoria 3225, Australia Text Editor Diane Mahon Primary Industries Research Victoria Queenscliff Centre PO Box 114 Queenscliff, Victoria 3225, Australia Editorial Board We gratefully acknowledge the time and effort of the following individuals: Simon Banks Greg Jenkins Jim Barrett John Koehn John Beumer Darryl McPhee Mark Butz Sandy Morison Colin Buxton Andre Punt Rick Fletcher David C Smith John Glaister Terry Walker David Hobday Trevor Ward iii ORGANISING COMMITTEES Organising Committee John Glaister Sport and Recreation Queensland, Queensland (Congress Chair) John Beumer Queensland Fisheries Service, Queensland (Publications Chair) John Koehn Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria (President ASFB) Rochelle Manderson OzAccom Conference Services, Queensland Ian McPhail Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland Ian Poiner CSIRO Marine Research, Queensland Mike Rimmer Department of Primary Industries, Queensland (Social Program Chair) Andrew Sanger Western NSW Fisheries, New South Wales (Treasurer) David C. Smith Primary Industries Research Victoria, Victoria Peter Taylor Environment Australia, Australian Capital Territory Imogen Zethoven World Wide Fund for Nature Australia, Queensland Program Committee David C Smith Primary Industries Research Victoria, Victoria (Program Chair) Rodrigo Bustamante CSIRO Marine Research, Queensland Mark Butz Environment Australia, Australian Capital Territory Colin Buxton Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, Tasmania Phil Cadwallader Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Queensland Prue Gaffey Environment Australia, Australian Capital Territory Don Hough Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria John Koehn Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria Bern Megrey Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Alaska Margaret Moore World Wide Fund for Nature Australia, Victoria Hugh Possingham The University of Queensland, Queensland Alister Robertson Charles Sturt University, New South Wales Keith Sainsbury CSIRO Marine Research, Tasmania John Tanzer Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Queensland Trevor Ward University of Western Australia, Western Australia iv CONGRESS SPONSORS Principal Sponsor Host Organisation Government Agency Sponsors Sponsors v CONTENTS Editors iii Organising Committees iv Congress Sponsors v Preface xiii THEME 1 Why Marine Protected Areas? Elliott A. Norse 1 Blame My Grandmother – She Said It Was Ok! John Harrison 10 Marine Protected Areas and Fishing Closures as Fisheries Management Tools Joanna Fisher, Paul Murphy and Wendy Craik 14 Giving up Fishing Ground To Reserves: The Costs and Benefits Trevor J. Ward 19 Western Australian Community-Initiated Fish Habitat Protection Areas Colin Chalmers 30 Is there a Place for Aquatic Protected Areas in the Management of Small Pelagic Fish in Coastal Waters? Daniel J. Gaughan 32 Where do Marine Protected Areas Fit Within an Ecologically Sustainable Development Framework? A Western Australian Perspective W. J. Fletcher 41 Aboriginal Cultural Sub-Regions as Surrogates for Biodiversity Mosaics in Cape York, Australia – Towards Reconciliation of Management Values and on-Ground Realities Chris Roberts and Arnold Wallis 49 Incorporating Terrestrial and Underwater Cultural Resources in Aquatic Protected Areas Management to Aid Community Development, Enhance Tourism and Facilitate Resource Stewardship Gail A. Vander Stoep 59 Marine Reserves: Time for a Global Perspective Dirk Zeller 70 Review of Generic No-Take Areas and Conventional Fishery Closure Systems and their Application to the Management of Tropical Fishery Resources Along North-Western Australia Stephen J. Newman, Glenn A. Hyndes, James W. Penn, Michael C. Mackie and Peter C. Stephenson 75 Law Reaches New Depths: The Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents Marine Protected Area David Leary 86 Balancing Native Fish Diversity, Exotic Fish Impacts, and Angling in New Zealand, North Island Dune Lakes David K. Rowe 96 vii CONTENTS Creating a National System of Marine Protected Areas – A Conservation Perspective Kate Davey 103 Issues, Especially Marine Protected Areas, that Affect the Australian Fishing Industry R. Pennington 106 THEME 2 Optimal Design of Individual Marine Protected Areas and MPA Systems Tundi Agardy 111 Broad-Scale Biodiversity Assessments For Marine Protected Areas in New South Wales, Australia D. A. Breen, R. P. Avery and N. M. Otway 120 A Framework for Systematic Marine Reserve Design in South Australia: A Case Study R. R. Stewart and H. P. Possingham 132 A First Step Toward Broad-Scale Identification of Freshwater Protected Areas for Pacific Salmon and Trout in Oregon, USA Kelly Burnett, Gordon Reeves, Dan Miller, Sharon Clarke, Kelly Christiansen and Ken Vance- Borland 144 Bioregional Frameworks for Assessments of Freshwater Biodiversity in Australia J. T. P. Tait, S. Choy, and R. Lawson 155 What does Larval Fish Biology Tell us about the Design and Efficacy of Marine Protected Areas? Jeffrey M. Leis 170 Metapopulation Structure of a Temperate Fish in Relation to Spatial Variation in Hydrodynamics: Implications for Selection of Marine Protected Areas Gregory P. Jenkins, Anthony J. Fowler and Kerry P. Black 181 Multiscale Decision Support for Aquatic Protected Area Placement Reg Watson 191 Declaration of Marine Protected Areas – The Case of the Balleny Islands Archipelago, Antarctica Jacqui Burgess, Emma Waterhouse, Alan D. Hemmings, and Peter Wilson 196 Designing Representative and Adequate MPAs in a Structured Environment Nicholas Bax and Alan Williams 203 Involving Fishers’ Data in Identifying, Selecting and Designing MPAs: An Illustration From Australia’s South-East Region Alan Williams and Nicholas Bax 212 What Features Matter when Designing Protected Areas for Fish in Beds of Seagrass: A Review Jane E. Jelbart and Pauline Ross 220 Establishing Marine Protected Areas in Vietnam: A Capacity-Building Approach James Hall and BUI Thi Thu Hien 229 viii CONTENTS Assessing the Importance of Coastal Habitats for Fisheries, Biodiversity and Marine Reserves: A New Approach Taking into Account “Habitat Mosaics” Greg A. Skilleter and Neil R. Loneragan 240 Role of Habitat Mapping in Marine Protected Area Planning – A Case Study in the Bruny Bioregion, Tasmania Alan Jordan and Neville Barrett 250 Use of a Temperate Reef-Fish Community to Identify Priorities in the Establishment of a Marine Protected Area Emanuel J. Gonçalves, Miguel Henriques and Vítor C. Almada 261 THEME 3 Success Factors in the Implementation and Management of Aquatic Protected Areas Billy D. Causey 275 Consultation with Indigenous Communities Regarding Fish Habitat Areas – The Cape York Peninsula Experience Rebecca Sheppard 285 Success Factors in Management of the Great Australian Bight Marine Park (South Australian and Federal Australian Waters) Ross Belcher 295 Restoration of Koaro (Galaxias Brevipinnis) in a New Zealand Lake – Integrating Traditional Indigenous Resource Management Practices with Contemporary Conservation Biology K. Young and S. Smale 302 Fish Habitat Area Network in Queensland, Australia – An Innovative Aquatic Protected Area Approach Scott McKinnon, Rebecca Sheppard and David Sully 313 User Fees at Bunaken Marine Park, Indonesia: Lessons in Developing Tourism-Related Financing Mechanisms for Marine Protected Areas Elizabeth A. Halpenny 323 Public Participation in New Zealand: The Effectiveness of Marine Reserve Advisory Committees Laani Uunila 328 Development, Outcomes and Future of an Area Closure Implemented by the Indigenous Communities of Northern Cape York Michael Phelan 339 Marine Protected Areas Generally Require Emphasis on Specific Objectives for Efficiency and Broad Community Acceptability Norman Halse 347 Community Engagement in the Establishment of Marine Protected Areas: An Australian Case Study Don Hough and Joan Phillips 352 ix CONTENTS Marine Protected Area in Republic Of Maldives Geoff Dews, Danielle-Louise Quinn and Aishath Hameed 359 Determining Reef Fish Abundance in Marine Protected Areas in the Northern Mariana Islands Michael S. Trianni 366 Establishing Marine Protected Areas in British Columbia: An NGO Perspective Sabine Jessen and Natalie Ban 377 Legal Framework and Enforcement Experience of Marine Protected Areas in Tasmania, New South Wales and Commonwealth Waters Warwick Gullett 388 THEME 4 Measuring Effectiveness in Marine Protected Areas – Principles and