FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA Public Disclosure Authorized THE NIGERIA EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (NEWMAP) Public Disclosure Authorized FINAL REPORT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) FOR EDIM OTOP GULLY EROSION SITE IN CALABAR Public Disclosure Authorized MUNICIPALITY, CROSS RIVER STATE Public Disclosure Authorized State Project Management Unit (SPMU) Cross River State, Calabar TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover Page i Table of Contents ii List of Tables vii List of Figures viii List of Plates ix Executive Summary xi CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Description of the Proposed Intervention 3 1.3 Rationale for the Study 5 1.4 Scope of Work 5 CHAPTER TWO - INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 7 2.1 Background 7 2.2 World Bank Safeguard Policies 8 2.2.1 Environmental Assessment (EA) OP 4.01 9 2.2.2 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04) 9 2.2.3 Pest Management (OP 4.09) 10 2.2.4 Forest (OP 4.36) 10 2.2.5 Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11) 11 2.2.6 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) 11 2.2.7 Safety of Dams OP 4.37 12 2.2.8 Projects on International Waterways OP 7.50 12 2.3 National Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks 13 2.3.1 The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) 13 2.3.2 The National Policy on the Environment (NPE) of 1989 14 2.3.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86, 1992 (FMEnv) 14 2.3.4 The National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria 14 2.3.5 The National Effluents Limitations Regulation 15 ii 2.3.6 The NEP (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Waste) Regulations 15 2.3.7 The Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes Regulations 15 2.3.8 National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems (1999) 15 2.3.9 National Guidelines for Environmental Audit 15 2.3.10 National Policy on Flood and Erosion Control 2006 (FMEnv) 16 2.3.11 National Air Quality Standard Decree No. 59 of 1991 16 2.3.12 The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency Act 2007 (NESREA Act) 16 2.3.13 The National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency Act 2005 (NOSDRA ACT) 16 2.4 Other Relevant Acts and Legislations at Federal and State Levels 16 2.4.1 Land Use Act of 1978 16 2.4.2 Forestry Act of the Nation 17 2.4.3 Criminal Code 18 2.4.4 Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA) 18 2.5 State Legislations 18 2.5.1 Rivers State Ministry of Environment 19 CHAPTER THREE - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITION 21 3.1 Description of the Proposed Intervention Project Area 21 3.2 General Environment of the Project Location 26 3.2.1 Climate and Meteorology 26 3.3 Air Quality and Noise 29 3.3.1 Ambient Air Quality 29 3.3.2 Ambient Noise Levels 31 3.3.3 Geology and Hydrogeology of the Project Area 32 3.3.4 Soil Quality of the Proposed Project Area 34 3.3.5 Metal Content of the Soils 36 3.3.6 Surface Water 38 3.3.7 Ground Water 42 iii 3.4 Ecosystem 43 3.4.1 Vegetation 44 3.4.1.1 Plant Characterization / Identification 45 3.4.1.2 Plant Physiognomy 45 3.4.1.3 Inventory of economic crops 46 3.4.2 Fauna and wildlife resources 47 CHAPTER FOUR - SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSULTATION 50 4.1 Background 50 4.2 Methodology 50 4.3 Settlement and Population Characteristics of the Proposed Project Area 54 4.3.1 Population Estimation and Projection 55 4.4 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Sampled Individuals and Households 57 4.4.1 Age and Gender Profile of Respondents 58 4.4.2 Current Marital Status of Respondents 59 4.4.3 Educational Status of Respondents 60 4.4.4 Occupation of Respondents 62 4.4.5 Residential Status and Duration of Residence of Respondents 63 4.4.6 Size of Sampled Households 65 4.5 Assessment of Health Status of Respondents 66 4.5.1 Health Management Records of Respondents 66 4.5.2 Ailments/Diseases Affecting Respondents in the Proposed Project Area 67 4.6 Standard of Living of Sampled Individuals and Households 68 4.6.1 Household Monthly Income 69 4.6.2 Housing Characteristics of Proposed Project Affected Communities 69 4.6.3 Solid Waste Management 71 4.6.4 Accessible Sources of Water 71 4.6.5 Assessment of Standard of Living 72 4.7 Assessment of Social and Environmental Issues 74 4.7.1 Impacts of Existing Gully 76 4.7.2 Potential Impacts of the Proposed Intervention Project 79 iv 4.8 Most Pressing Socio-Economic Concerns 81 CHAPTER FIVE - POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 82 5.1 Assessment of Potential Impacts of the Proposed Intervention 82 5.1.1 Potential Positive Impacts 82 5.1.2 Potential Negative Impacts 84 5.2 Social Impacts 87 5.2.1 Cultural Impacts 88 5.2.2 Impact on Agriculture, Settlements and Community Facilities 88 5.2.3 Solid Waste Management 89 5.2.4 Health Issues 89 5.2.5 Safety Issues 89 5.3 Analysis of Alternatives 90 5.3.1 No-Action Alternative 90 5.3.2 The Use of Civil Works 91 CHAPTER SIX - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 94 6.1 Mitigation Measures 94 6.1.1 Mitigation Measures at the Pre-Construction Phase 94 6.1.2 Mitigation Measures at the Construction Phase 95 6.1.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 103 6.2 Institutional Responsibilities and Accountabilities 111 6.2.1 Pre-construction Phase 111 6.2.2 Construction Phase 112 6.2.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase 114 6.3 Environment and Social Monitoring Plan Measures 116 6.3.1 Flora and Fauna Management Plan 116 6.3.2 Waste Management Plan 118 6.3.3 Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan 119 6.3.4 Employment, Training, and Awareness Management Plan 122 6.3.5 Water Management Plan 122 v 6.3.6 Air Quality Management Plan 123 6.3.7 Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan 123 6.3.8 Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan 124 6.3.9 Cultural Heritage Management Plan 125 6.3.10 Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan 126 6.3.11 Social Investment Plan 126 6.3.12 Health, Safety, and Security Management Plan 127 6.3.13 Community Health & Safety Plan 129 6.3.14 Stakeholders‟ Engagement Plan 130 6.3.15 Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) 131 6.3.16 Training Programmes 132 6.4 Monitoring and Evaluation 133 6.5 Implementation Schedule 135 6.6 ESMP Costing and Cost Analysis 136 CHAPTER SEVEN - SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 138 7.1 Summary of Findings 138 7.2 Recommendations 140 7.3 Conclusions 141 References 142 Appendix I 146 Appendix I 152 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Some Precipitation and Temperature Characteristics of the Project Area 27 Table 3.2: Ambient Air Quality Results 31 Table 3.3: Physico-Chemical Properties of Top Soil (0 -15 cm) 34 Table 3.4: Physico-Chemical Properties of Sub Soils (15 -30 cm) 35 Table 3.5: Basic and Heavy Metal Concentrations of the Top Soil (0–15 cm) 37 Table 3.6: Basic and Heavy Metal Concentrations of the Sub Soil (15–30 cm) 37 Table 3.7: Physico-Chemical Parameters of Surface Water Samples from the Study Area in Calabar 40 Table 3.8: Concentrations of Cations and Anions in Surface Water Samples 40 Table 3.9: Heavy Metal Concentrations in Surface Water Samples 41 Table 3.10: Comparison of the Borehole Ground Water Quality with the World Health Organization (WHO) Standards for Potable Water 43 Table 3.11: List of crops and fruits planted in the project area 46 Table 3.12: List of Economic crops and trees 46 Table 3.13: List of bird species identified in the project area 48 Table 3.14: Butterfly taxonomy in the project area 48 Table 4.1: Details of the Sampling Methodology and the Questionnaires Administered 51 Table 4.2: Sickness/Ailment Affecting Sampled Households and Individuals 68 Table 4.3: Housing Characteristics of Proposed Project Affected Communities 70 Table 4.4: Accessible Sources of Water 72 Table 4.5: Impacts of Proposed Intervention Project 80 Table 5.1: Assessment of the „No Action‟ Alternative and Use of Civil Works 92 Table 6.1: Mitigation Measures for Pre-Construction Phase 98 Table 6.2: Mitigation Measures for the Environmental Impacts in the Construction Phase 99 Table 6.3: Mitigation Measures for the Biological Impacts in the Construction Phase 104 Table 6.4: Mitigation Measures for the Socioeconomic Impacts in the Construction Phase 105 Table 6.5: Mitigation Measures for the Public Health Impacts in the Construction Phase 107 Table 6.6: Mitigation Measures for Operation Phase 109 Table 6.7: Environment and Social Monitoring Plan Measures 131 Table 6.8: Institutional Capacity Strengthening Programme 132 vii Table 6.9: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan 135 Table 6.10: ESMP Implementation Schedule 136 Table 6.11: Cost Analysis of the Proposed Edim Otop Intervention Project 137 viii LIST OF FIGURES Fig.3.1: Cross River State Showing Calabar Municipality 22 Fig.3.2: Erosion and watershed Map of Calabar 23 Fig.3.3: Edim Otop Gully Topography 24 Fig.3.4: Private and Commercial Buildings and Public Infrastructure within the Edim Otop Gully and Watershed 25 Fig.3.5: Monthly Frequency of Occurrence of Sea Breeze Days 28 Fig.3.6: Air Quality Sample Points in the Study Area 30 Fig.3.7: Noise Level Sample Points in the Project Area 31 Fig.3.8: The Calabar Flank and Associated Formations 32 Fig.3.9: Soil Sample Points of the Proposed Project Area 39 Fig.3.10: Vegetation of the Project Area 45 Fig.4.1: Population Estimation and Projection of Cross River State 56 Fig.4.2: Population Estimation and Projection of Calabar Municipality LGA 57 Fig.4.3: Age of Respondents 58 Fig.4.4: Sex of Respondents 59 Fig.4.5: Marital Status of Respondents 60 Fig.4.6: Educational Status of Respondents 61 Fig.4.7: Occupation of Respondents 63 Fig.4.8: Residential Status of Respondents 64 Fig.4.9: Duration of Residence in the Area 65 Fig.4.10: Size of Sampled Households 66 Fig.4.11: Health