Church Growth Research Programme Strand 3: Structures Cranmer Hall, St Johns College, Durham Report on Strand 3a Cathedrals, Greater Churches and the Growth of the Church October 2013 Canon John Holmes & Ben Kautzer 1 Contents Introduction Cathedrals are Growing p.5 Cathedrals are Growing Aims Limitations Methodology Overview Reflection Section 1 Background Section 1.1 The Narrative of Cathedral Growth p.8 1.1.1 Introduction 1.1.2 White Elephants? 1.1.3 Pilgrims and Tourists: Growth of Cathedral Visitors 1.1.4 Social change and church attendance 1.1.5 Growing signs 1.1.6 Spiritual Capital 1.1.7 Latest statistics Section 1.2 What are Cathedrals For? Cathedral Ministry and Mission in Context 1.2.1 Introduction 1.2.2 The Bishop’s seat 1.2.3 A Centre of worship 1.2.4 A centre of mission 1.2.5 Worship 1.2.6 Teaching 1.2.7 Service 1.2.8 Evangelism 1.2.9 Witness Section 2 Growing Cathedrals Section 2.1 Where is Cathedral Growth Happening? The Statistics p.16 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 The Statistical Evidence for Cathedral Growth 2.1.3 Analysing the Data 2.1.3.1 Strengths of the data 2.1.3.2 Limitations of the data 2.1.4 Unpacking the Headline Statistics 2.1.4.1 Attendance Statistics by Province 2.1.4.2 Attendance Statistics by Region 2.1.4.3 Attendance Statistics by Cathedral Type 2.1.5 Church Growth and the Shifting Patterns of Cathedral Worship 2.1.5.1 Sunday Services 2.1.5.2 Weekday Services 2.1.6 Conclusion Section 2.2 Who is Attending Cathedral Services? The Worshipper Survey 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 Towards a New Research Strategy 2 2.2.3 Worshipper Survey: Description 2.2.4 Worshipper Survey: Design and Procedure 2.2.5 Worshipper Survey: Sample 2.2.6 Results and Discussion: Attendance Patterns at Regular Cathedral Services 2.2.6.1 Sunday Services 2.2.6.2 Weekday Services 2.2.7 Demographics 2.2.7.1 Worshipper Demographics: Sex 2.2.7.2 Worshipper Demographics: Age 2.2.7.3 Worshipper Demographics: Employment Status 2.2.7.4 Worshipper Demographics: Ethnicity 2.2.7.5 Worshipper Demographics: Country/Continent of Birth 2.2.8 Profiling the Cathedral Congregations 2.2.8.1 ‘One off’ and ‘regular committed’ worshippers 2.2.8.2 Congregational churn 2.2.8.3 ‘Churched’ & ‘non-churched’ and ‘transfer’ & ‘genuine’ growth 2.2.8.4 Geographical spread of congregations 2.2.9 Motivations for attending worship 2.2.9.1 The Cathedral Community 2.2.9.2 Choosing to Attend the Cathedral 2.2.9.3 The Question of Anonymity and the Ministry of Cathedral Pillars 2.2.10 The Child Worshipper Survey 2.2.11 Conclusion Section 2.3 Why are Cathedrals Growing? The Consultation Days 2.3.1 Introduction 2.3.2 Cultivating missional intentionality 2.3.3 Initiating new services and congregations 2.3.4 Enriching the quality of worship 2.3.5 Improving welcome and hospitality 2.3.6 Engages culture and the arts 2.3.7 Promoting spiritual openness, inclusivity and diversity in membership and outreach 2.3.8 Increasing the civic profile 2.3.9 Developing educational programmes 2.3.10 Prioritizing discipleship and Christian nurture Section 3 Growing Greater Churches Section 3.1 The Emerging Profile of the Greater Churches p.59 3.1.1 Introduction 3.1.2 The greater churches network 3.1.3 New urban minsters 3.1.4 Towards a ‘cathedral-like’ ministry: Locating greater churches in the wider ministry of the church 3.1.5 Greater churches face challenges and opportunities similar to cathedrals Section 3.2 Towards a Statistical Analysis of the Greater Churches 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Research and Statistics on the Greater Churches: The Strengths and Limitations of the Data 3.2.2.1 Sample size 3 2.2.2.2 Strengths of the data 3.2.2.3 Limitations of the data 3.2.3 Comparing Attendance Trends: Greater Churches and English Cathedrals 3.2.4 Attendance Patterns in the Greater Churches 3.2.5 Conclusion Section 3.3 Growth Factors in Greater Churches 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Initiating new services and congregations 3.3.3 Increasing civic profile 3.3.4 Improving welcome and hospitality 3.3.5 Developing educational programmes 3.3.6 Cultivating mission intentionality 3.3.7 Promoting inclusion and diversity in worship, membership and outreach 3.3.8 Conclusion Section 4 Growing Church Section 4.1 Cathedrals, Greater Churches and the Growth of the Church p.75 4.1.1 Introduction 4.1.2 Opportunities 4.1.3 Challenges 4.1.3.1 Finance 4.1.3.2 Staffing 4.1.3.3 Fabric 4.1.4 Mutual Resourcing Beyond Competitiveness Appendices p.80 Cathedral typology Greater churches list Finance Incremental steps for growth in cathedrals and greater churches Worshipper Survey Cathedral Questionnaire Greater Churches Questionnaire 4 1.0 INTRODUCTION Cathedrals are Growing In the midst of several decades of declining church attendance, there is good news for the Church of England: cathedrals are growing! The headline cathedral statistics for 2012 reported that the rising number of cathedral worshippers is ‘continuing the growing trend seen since the Millennium.’ Recent cathedral growth is but one indicator among many that long-held assumptions about the possibilities church life in the social and religious culture of modern England may need to be reconsidered. From the perspective of those who assume the grand narrative of the secularisation of British society, thriving cathedrals are seen as anomalies. The unexpected vibrancy of cathedrals gives reason to pause and reconsider the possibility that circumstances might be more complicated than they appear. In 2012, Theos and the Grubb Institute published a landmark report entitled, Spiritual Capital: The Present and Future of English Cathedrals, which demonstrates the significant role that cathedrals continue to play in British society. The report argues that far from becoming obsolete in a rapidly changing world, cathedrals have proven to be remarkably well-positioned and fit for purpose to respond to profound cultural changes in the spiritual landscape of England.1 Whereas Spiritual Capital focuses on growing presence of cathedral ministry and mission within contemporary society as a whole, further work is needed to understand the nature of the growth experienced within cathedral congregations themselves. Data published by Research and Statistics suggests that growth in the number of cathedral worshippers has continued unabated for over a decade. However, these figures alone do not describe the finer texture of this growth. As Leslie Francis and Emyr Williams observe, ‘While research among visitors and tourists is able to focus on the transient community that passes through the cathedral, it is research on the Sunday (and weekday) congregations that is needed to explore why cathedral congregations are growing at a time when congregations in so many parish churches are declining.’2 This research strand seeks to complement and supplement the work of Spiritual Capital by heeding Francis & Williams’ call to further explore growth trends in greater depth. In the context of the Church Growth Research Programme as a whole, this strand focuses on exploring areas of growth, health and vitality within the context of cathedrals and greater churches in order to share and encourage good practice. We hope that lessons can be learned, which will be applicable across the church community. The Research Brief Aims This research strand aimed to ‘clarify attendance trends between different acts of cathedral worship, between different types of cathedral and between different parts of England.’ A combination of statistical analysis of attendance figures and qualitative work has been used to build a profile of cathedral congregations and gain an understanding of their growth in recent years. 1 Theos & Grubb. Spiritual Capital: The Present and Future of English Cathedrals (London: Theos & Grubb, 2012). 2 Francis, Leslie J. & Williams, Emyr. “Not All Cathedral Congregations Look Alike: Two Case Studies in Rural England,” Rural Theology 8.1 (2010), p. 38. 5 Our purpose was firstly to better understand the reported growth and to tease out why this growth is happening and then to see what lessons can be learned that might equip the cathedrals in their ministry and ultimately resource the mission of the wider church. Comparative work with greater churches has provided an opportunity to evaluate cathedral growth in light of other churches with a cathedral-like ministry to identify whether there are unique facets of cathedral ministry, which are facilitating this recognised growth. Limitations Cathedrals and greater churches are complex, multifaceted entities. This report is limited to exploring cathedral service attendance, the make-up of cathedral congregations and what draws worshippers in. While it is beyond the scope of this report to attend to the full breadth of cathedral life, our intention is to locate this modest research agenda within the wider context of cathedral ministry and mission. It is important to acknowledge that cathedrals and greater churches are about much more than just attendance statistics and their cultural and civic roles offer the church as a whole a great opportunity for mission. To reduce the perceived success or failure of a given cathedral’s mission to the criteria of service attendance alone, would be to misrepresent what a cathedral – or indeed ‘cathedral-like’ – ministry is all about. Methodology This strand has necessitated data collection from a range of sources. Initial work focused on exploring data from Research and Statistics regarding cathedral attendance. An impression of the scope of cathedral ministry and a broad understanding of the range of worship services offered and their popularity as well as the challenges of cathedral ministry was gained through a questionnaire sent to the deans of all 42 English cathedrals.