Dysertacje Wydziału Neofilologii UAM w Poznaniu 4 Justyna B. Walkowiak Personal Name Policy: From Theory to Practice Wydział Neofilologii UAM w Poznaniu Poznań 2016 Personal Name Policy: From Theory to Practice Dysertacje Wydziału Neofilologii UAM w Poznaniu 4 Justyna B. Walkowiak Personal Name Policy: From Theory to Practice Wydział Neofilologii UAM w Poznaniu Poznań 2016 Projekt okładki: Justyna B. Walkowiak Fotografia na okładce: © http://www.epaveldas.lt Recenzja: dr hab. Witold Maciejewski, prof. Uniwersytetu Humanistycznospołecznego SWPS Copyright by: Justyna B. Walkowiak Wydanie I, Poznań 2016 ISBN 978-83-946017-2-0 *DOI: 10.14746/9788394601720* Wydanie: Wydział Neofilologii UAM w Poznaniu al. Niepodległości 4, 61-874 Poznań e-mail: [email protected] www.wn.amu.edu.pl Table of Contents Preface ............................................................................................................ 9 0. Introduction .............................................................................................. 13 0.1. What this book is about ..................................................................... 13 0.1.1. Policies do not equal law ............................................................ 14 0.1.2. Policies are conscious ................................................................. 16 0.1.3. Policies and society ..................................................................... 17 0.2. Language policy vs. name policy ...................................................... 19 0.2.1. Status planning ............................................................................ 27 0.2.2. Corpus planning .......................................................................... 28 0.2.3. Technological planning ............................................................... 29 0.2.4. Dissimilarities between language policy and name policy .......... 30 0.2.5. Name rights ................................................................................. 31 0.2.6. The choice of terms for personal names ...................................... 38 0.3. Personal names and language policy – overview of literature ........... 43 1. Personal names ......................................................................................... 49 1.1. Defining proper names ...................................................................... 49 1.2. Defining personal names ................................................................... 56 1.3. Mill and beyond: the many meanings of personal names .................. 59 1.4. The meaning of personal names as motivation for name policies ..... 74 1.5. Personal names and translation ......................................................... 78 2. Aspects of name policy............................................................................. 85 2.1. The Cooperian question .................................................................... 85 2.2. The decision-makers ......................................................................... 85 2.2.1. The state and the language regulators ......................................... 87 2.2.2. The church .................................................................................. 89 2.2.3. Low-level authorities .................................................................. 94 2.2.4. Schools ........................................................................................ 98 2.2.5. The army ................................................................................... 103 2.2.6. The workplace ........................................................................... 105 2.2.7. The influence of name calendars and name books .................... 106 2.3. The targets of name policies ............................................................ 110 2.4. What is planned? ............................................................................. 115 2.5. Motivation and objectives: name-related versus non-name-related policies ........................................................................................... 118 2.6. Methods .......................................................................................... 121 2.7. Effects ............................................................................................. 123 2.7.1. Name instability ........................................................................ 123 2.7.2. 'Duck-rabbit names' ................................................................... 125 2.7.3. The revival of native names ...................................................... 126 2.7.4. Repetitiveness of personal names ............................................. 127 2.7.5. Blurring the boundary between given names and surnames...... 128 2.8. Implied values and assumptions behind name policies ................... 131 6 Personal name policy: from theory to practice 2.8.1. A name is obligatory ................................................................. 133 2.8.2. At least two names, each of a different type .............................. 134 2.8.3. A surname is obligatory ............................................................. 136 2.8.4. The same surname for the whole family ................................... 136 2.8.5. Only one surname ..................................................................... 138 2.8.6. Surname variety is a value ........................................................ 140 2.8.7. Preference for a native name ..................................................... 141 2.8.8. A given name should look like one ........................................... 142 2.8.9. Not the same given name in the family ..................................... 144 2.8.10. Gender-specific versus androgynous given name ................... 148 2.8.11. A given name should correspond to one's religion .................. 151 2.8.12. Civil law versus common law ................................................. 152 3. Given names ........................................................................................... 155 3.1. The laissez-faire approach – testing the limits ................................ 155 3.1.1. One-letter names ....................................................................... 160 3.1.2. Numbers, symbols and other unusual names ............................ 162 3.2. Allowed given names and their lists ................................................ 164 3.2.1. Wartheland under Nazi German occupation .............................. 164 3.2.2. France ....................................................................................... 166 3.2.3. Hungary .................................................................................... 168 3.2.4. Poland ....................................................................................... 170 3.3. Forbidden names, by category and individually .............................. 171 3.4. Given names promoted by the state ................................................ 175 3.5. Discouraged given names ............................................................... 179 3.6. Obligatory given names .................................................................. 181 3.7. Hyphenation and number of given names ....................................... 182 3.8. Models of relationship between majority and minority given names..................................................................................... 184 4. Surnames ................................................................................................ 189 4.1. Compulsory adoption of surnames .................................................. 189 4.1.1. Previous names as surnames with new given names ................. 201 4.2. Forbidden categories of surnames ................................................... 205 4.3. Forbidden individual surnames ....................................................... 206 4.4. Discouraged surnames .................................................................... 206 4.5. Protected surnames ......................................................................... 207 4.6. The number and hyphenation of surnames ...................................... 208 4.7. Patronyms ....................................................................................... 211 4.8. Feminine forms of surnames ........................................................... 213 4.9. Objectives of surname policies ....................................................... 217 4.9.1. Reducing isonymy – enhancing surname diversity ................... 217 4.9.2. Limiting the number of bearers of popular surnames ................ 220 4.9.3. Assimilationist versus segregationist surname policies ............. 220 5. Name changes ........................................................................................ 223 5.1. Voluntary name changes.................................................................. 223 5.1.1. Immigrant name change ............................................................ 223 Table of Contents 7 5.1.2. Symbolic name change ............................................................. 225 5.1.3. Pseudonyms assumed as surnames ........................................... 226 5.2. Encouraged change of name and name-changing campaigns ......... 229 5.2.1. Hungary .................................................................................... 229 5.2.2. Finland ...................................................................................... 231 5.2.3. Estonia .....................................................................................