214 INDEX Compiled by Suzanne Ridley Anglo-French Condominium see Vanuatu — Australian Writers Services Condominium Angola 9 Abaijah, Josephine 86, 94 ANU see Australian National University Aboriginal Australians 31 ANZUS 121, 207 abortion 75 APODETI see Associacao Popular Democratica accountability 10, 35, 129, 131 de Timor ADB see Asian Development Bank aristocracies 32 see also chiefs ADV see Alliance for the Development of armed conflict 10, 11, 151 Vanuatu ASDT see Associacao Social Democratica de Timor A’e’au Täulupo’o (Samoa) 187 ASEAN 75 Africa 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 22 see also countries Asia 4, 9 eg Kenya Asian Development Bank (ADB) 121, 129, 131, comparisons with 23, 57, 83, 121 137, 207, 213 dictatorships 78 Asiata Säle’imoa Va’ai (Samoa) 197 agrarian reform 124 see also land ownership assassinations 60, 154 Ai’ono Fanaafi Le Tagaloa Pita (Samoa) 192 Associacao Popular Democratica de Timor Ailin Kein Ad, Marshall Islands 52 (APODETI) 70, 71, 207 Ainaro District, Timor-Lests 75 Pro-Referendum 71, 72 Alafua Agricultural Campus, Samoa 187 Associacao Social Democratica de Timor (ASDT) Algerians 150 70,71, 72, 73, 74 See also Fretilin Alkatiri, Prime Minister Mari 23, 74, 76, 78, 79 Athens, Greece 63 All National Congress (ANC), Fiji 58, 174, 175, atrocities 76 207 Auckland, NZ 2 allegiances see loyalties Auki, Solomon Islands 107 Alliance for Progress and Regional Development, AusAID xii, 132, 207 PNG 86 Australia Alliance for the Development of Vanuatu (ADV) and Vanuatu 132 125, 131, 207 in Pacific Islands Forum 113 Alliance Party, Cook Islands 55 pre-Federation 16 Alliance Party, Fiji 12, 23, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 57, Timorese in 15 61, 112, 168, 169, 170–173, 175, 207 Australia, New Zealand and the United States of Fijian Association 168, 169, 171, 172, 182, 183 America (Security Treaty) see ANZUS General Electors 170 Australian Administration see Papua New Guinea Indian Alliance 170 — Australian Administration alternative-vote system 58, 61, 167, 181, 207 Australian Agency for International Development Ambae, Vanuatu 120, 122, 123, 124, 125 see AusAID Ambryn, Vanuatu 125 Australian aid 121 American Samoa 47 Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) 107, ANC 9 207 ancestors in political affairs 33–34 Australian Electoral Commission xii Anglican Church see churches in politics — Australian Labor Party xii Vanuatu Australian National University x, xi, 207, 212, 213 Index 215 Centre for Democratic Institutions candidates 55, 90 see also leaders; politicians see Centre for Democratic Institutions fee for candidature 94 Coombs Building xii female 97 Research School of Social Sciences xii independent 133 see also ‘independents’ Austria 43 party endorsed 88, 90 authenticity 33 recruitment of 105 autonomy 13, 146, 153, 157, 159 Carcasses, Hon Moana 124, 131 Avenir Ensemble, New Caledonia 13, 60, 150, 159 Cargo cults 16, 34, 126 see also John Frum Party Caribbean 4 Carrascaloa, Joao Viegas 73 Ba Provincial Council, Fiji 175 Carrascalao, Mario Viegas 73, 77, 78, 79 Baba, Tupeni 112 Catholic allegiances 56, 84 Bai kei Viti, Fiji 36, 169 CAA see Samoa — Controller and Chief Auditor ballot-stuffers 1, 19 CDI see Centre for Democratic Institutions Banks and Torres Islands, Vanuatu 119, 125 CDP see Christian Democrat Party, Samoa Barisan Nasional, Malaysia 12–13 Centre for Democratic Institutions x, xii, 207, 213 Barnes, Hon Charles 84 Consultative Council xii Becker, Andy xii centrist politics 156–160 Bau, Fiji 172, 180 Chan, Sir Julius 85, 87, 88, 90, 91 Bavadra, Dr Timoci 173, 179 Chan Government 90 Beddie, Francesca xiii Chanter, Alaine x, xiii, 143, 212 Betu, Willie 106 Chaudhry, Mahendra 30, 58, 59 ‘big men’ 5, 23, 24, 36, 48, 106, 109, 113 chiefs 63, 124, 125, 135 see also elders; Fiji — bipolar societies see Fiji; New Caledonia chiefs; leaders; matai; tama-a-‘äiga Bislama, language 118 Chirac, President Jacques 56, 147 block-voting districts 45, 53, 55 Christian Democrat parties 12 see also Uniao Bole, Filipe 179 Democratica Crista; Veitokani’ni Lewenivanua Bose Levu Vakaturaga see Fiji — Council of Vakaristo etc Chiefs Christian Democratic Party, PNG 93, 207 Bougainville, PNG 85 Christian Democratic Party, Samoa 192, 203 Rebellion 89, 90 Christian humanism 73, 74 Boulekone, Vincent 123, 124 Christian Leadership and Fellowship Group, bribery 78 Solomon Islands 108 Brisbane, Australia 2 Christianity 18 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) 107, 207 churches in politics 24, 29, 32, 151 see also British colonisers 22 see also Vanuatu — British Catholic allegiances; pastors; political parties Administration — religious; separation of church and state broadcasting 107 Fiji 175 Brownie, Donna 125 French Polynesia 56 Broussards 148, 149, 150 Vanuatu 51, 118, 120 Bua, Fiji 175, 176, 177 Chuuk, FSM 52 Buala, Solomon Islands 107 city-states 63 ‘Bully Beef Club’ 10 civil unrest 113, 160 Burck, Francois 145 clan-based voting 112 Business Services Group, PNG 85 classes in society 6, 12, 32, 44, 83, 93, 98, 170 Butadroka, Sakeasi 169, 172, 182 see also aristocracies; genealogy aggregations of workers 22 emergence of middle class 9, 77 Cakobau, Ratu Sir Edward 170 in New Caledonia 147–149, 156 Cakobau, Ratu Sir George 36, 173 clientelism 16, 19, 109, 171 Cakaudrove Province, Fiji 177, 180, 183 clinics 17 Caldoche 157 CNRM see Concelho Nacional da Resistancia Canada 43 Nacional 216 Political Parties in the Pacific CNRT see Concelho Nacional da Resisencia de coups d’état 16, 57, 70, 108, 173 see also Timor military coups coalition governments 51, 58, 59, 78, 88, 93, 99, courts see also Papua New Guinea — 136, 181–182, 193 Supreme Court fragility of 104, 109, 117, 131–132 courts of disputed returns 19 see also Fiji — strengthening of 111, 130 Court of Appeal Coalition of Independent Nationals (COIN), Fiji cronyism 60 175, 176, 207 cross-voting 57, 61 Code de l’Indigénat, New Caledonia 59 Crowley, Maria 142 Cold War 121 CRP see Vanuatu — Comprehensive Reform colonial history 2, 4, 12, 22, 28, 168–170 Programme see also independence Cuba 121 Colonial Sugar Refining Company (CSR) 56–57, cultural revival 31, 73 169, 182, 207 culture colonialism 18, 31, 71, 165 political 112 Combined Political Associations (Compass), PNG preservation of 38, 73 85 customary law 73, 74, 75 common roll electoral system 169 Cyclone Ofa 203 Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas (CNMI) 47, 52 communication 4, 9, 11, 192, 203 see also da Silva, Armando 73 electronic communication; media; oral de Araujo, Abilio 73 traditions; television de Araujo, Fernando ‘Lasamo’ 75 communist movement 151 de Borda, Jean-Charles 53 community De Gaulle, President Charles 152 importance of 35, 39 De Gaulle’s Free France movement 147 regional 4, 134, 135 death penalty 75 comparisons see politics — comparisons decentralisation 125 Comprehensive Reform Programme (CRP) Declercq, Pierre 154 see Vanuatu — Comprehensive Reform decolonisation 23, 28, 33, 44, 70, 120–121, 139, Programme 146, 152, 158 compulsory voting 125 see also independence Concelho National da Resistencia de Timor democracy 4–5, 19, 38, 63, 115, 133, 204 (NRT) 23, 70, 74, 77, 78, 207 see also Centre for Democratic Institutions Concelho Nacional da Resistencia Nacional demonised 39, 135 (CNRM), Timor-Leste 70, 76, 207 ideological convergence in 6, 63 consensus-building 1, 10, 186 democratic centralism 10 Conservative Alliance-Matanita Vanua (CAMV), democratic consolidation 64 Fiji 59, 207 Democratic Party, Cook Islands 54 conservative parties 84, 147–148, 157 see also Democratic Party (DP), Solomon Islands 105, 207 Matä’afa Samoa; RPCR, New Caledonia; Democratic Party, Timor-Leste 74–75, 76, 77, 78 United Democratic Party, PNG Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste 70 see also Constituent Assembly, Timor-Leste see Timor- Timor-Leste Leste — Constituent Assembly Deo, Vishnu 167 constitutional history 85–86 see also democracy DeRobert, Hammer 53 constitutions see also under names of countries development programs 109 eg Timor-Leste — Constitution Dijoud, Paul 120 Cook Islands 24, 29, 30, 47 Dimuri, Ratu Josefa 180 electoral system 54, 63 Diro, Ted 87, 88, 94 Cook Islands Party (CIP) 54, 207 corruption 88–89 copra 122 divine intervention 39 corruption 13, 17, 60, 137, 200 Djibaou, Jean-Marie 23 cosmology 33–35 do Amaral, Francisco Xavier 71, 73, 74, 79 Index 217 domestic violence 138 Fabius, Prime Minister Laurent 154 Donald, Isabelle 138, 142 Fabius Plan 154, 155 dos reis Amaral, Leao 73 FALINTIL 76, 77, 78, 207 Dowiyogo, Bernard 53 familial relationships 5, 35–36 see also kinship Durutalo, Alumita L x, xiii, 11, 165, 212 Family Protection Bill 2004, Vanuatu 138 Dutch in the Pacific 11 FCCI see Fédération des Comités de Co-ordination des Indépendantistes FDP see Fiji Democratic Party East Africa see Africa federalism 121 East Sepik Province, PNG 84, 85, 87, 92, 93 Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) 29, 30, 43, East Timor see Timor-Leste 46, 47, 52, 63 East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai’i x, xiii, 212 Fédération des Comités de Co’ordination des Eastern Europe 4 Indépendantistes (FCCI) 60, 146, 155, 207 economic issues 73, 79, 89 see also market federations 5, 114, 116 economy; Fiji — austerity measures; Vanuatu Fiji 11, 30, 44, 47, 56–59, 61, 165–182 see also — financial problems under names of Parties eg Party of National economic nationalism 87 see also rural Unity austerity measures 173 development state intervention 74 Budget (1993) 174 education 9, 16, 39, 73, 75, 187 see also schools; Cabinet 177 teachers; University of the South Pacific chiefdoms 36, 56 in PNG 92 chiefs 165, 168, 171, 173, 180 in Samoa 192, 198 clans 165 in