THROUGH THE EYES OF GALILEO GALILEO Who was Galileo Galilei? Born in Pisa on 15 February 1564 He studied in Pisa, where he held the mathematics department from 1589 to 1592. Later he went to the Mathematics College of Padua, where he remained until 1610. In 1609 he set up the telescope with which he made the observations of the sky that made him famous In 1610 he was appointed Mathematician and Galileo Galilei in Philosopher of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Portraits Collection of the Austrian National Library http://www.bildarchivaustria.at/Preview/82 In 1611 he went to Rome and joined the Lincei 60834.jpg Academy. http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/record/2000059198669?query= meccanica&collection-id=a0588 What did Galileo Galileo Manuscript: Problem and Demonstration of Mechanics study? http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histoire/images/index.php?refph ot=CISB0466 La leçon d'anatomie du professeur Tulp. Rembrandt Litografia Medicine: He began his education by Mathematics: studying medicine in Pisa in 1580 his passion was mathematics and from 1583 he began to devote himself to his study and above all to his applications in mechanics and engineering Galileo's interests: the movement Mechanics (movement of bodies): the fall of the graves, the pendulum, the balance http://catalogo.museogalileo.it/oggetto/ http://catalogo.museogalileo.it/oggett ApparecchioDimostrareTraiettoriaParaboli o/PianoInclinato.html caProietti.html Device for the study of the parabolic trajectory of the Inclined plane for the study of the fall of the graves. projectiles. Location: Museo Galileo Florence Sala VII Location: Museo Galileo Florence Sala VII Date: beginning of sec. XIX Date: end of sec. XVIII Galileo's interests: hydraulics Hydraulics (Fluid Movement): Floating, Specific Gravity Measurement and Water Lifting http://catalogo.museogalileo.it/oggetto/Bilancetta Idrostatica.html http://catalogo.museogal ileo.it/oggetto/ViteArchi mede.html Model of a device used to raise water called Archimedes screw or auger. Location: Hydrostatic balance Galileo Museum of Florence Sala VII Date: Location: Museo Galileo Florence Sala VIII Second half sec. XVIII Date: mid-sec. XVII Galileo's interests: magnetism Magnetism by means magnets Magnet Location: Museo Galileo Florence Sala VII Date: ca. 1608 Materials: magnetite, brass, iron, wood http://catalogo.museogalileo.it/oggetto/CalamitaArmata.html Galileo's interests: Astronomy Astronomy: the movement of astral bodies Galileo's original spotting gun consists of a main tube at the ends of which two separate sections are inserted that carry the lens and the eyepiece. The tool can magnify objects by 21 times Location: Museo Galileo Sala VII Date: late 1609 - beginning 1610 http://catalogo.museogalileo.it/oggetto/Cann http://catalogo.museogalileo.it/galleria/Cannoc occhialeGalileo_n01.html chialeGalileo_n01.html The telescope http://catalogo.museogalileo.it/multimedia/Cannocchiale.html What relationship did Galileo have with the Church of Rome? Galileo had a religious education since the age of fourteen studied as a novice at the convent of Santa Maria di Vallombrosa. In 1611 Galileo was invited to Rome to present to Pope Paul V his discoveries and show him his telescope. Galileo often declares in his letters his religious faith: "Ho due fonti di continua consolazione. La prima, che nei miei scritti non ci può essere la pur minima ombra di irriverenza verso la Santa Chiesa; e secondo, la testimonianza della mia coscienza, che solo io e Iddio nei cieli conosciamo fino in fondo. Egli sa che, nella causa per cui soffro, sebbene molti abbiano potuto parlare più dottamente, nessuno, neanche gli antichi padri, ha parlato con più pietà o con maggior zelo per la Chiesa di quanto non abbia avuto io". Galilei, Lettera a Nicolò Fabri di Peiresec, 21/02/1635, Edizione nazionale delle Opere di Galileo When did Galileo begin to contrast with the church? On December 21, 1614, from the pulpit of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, the Dominican Friar Tommaso Caccini accused Galileo of contradicting the Sacred Scriptures by arguing the Copernican theory that the Sun is the center of the world and is immobile and the Earth moves around it. For in the book of Joshua (10: 12-13) is written On the day the LORD gave the Amorites over to Israel, Joshua said to the LORD in the presence of Israel: “Sun, stand still over Gibeon, and you, moon, over the Valley of Aijalon.” So the sun stood still, and the moon stopped, till the nation avenged itself on its enemies, as it is written in the Book of Jashar. The sun stopped in the middle of the sky and delayed going down about a full day. So the sun has to move. Also in the book Qoélet is written: " A generation goes, and a generation comes, but the earth remains forever. The sun rises, and the sun goes down, and hastens to the place where it rises. "(1-4-5). So the Earth is motionless. Astronomy according to the Church Model of the Ptolemaic System Model of the Ptolemaic System Location: Museo Galileo Firenze Interactive rooms Builder: Center for Studies and Restoration for the Valorization of Antique and Instrumental Historical-Scientific Clocks - ITIS Leonardo da Vinci, Florence Date: 2009 http://catalogo.museogalileo.it/multimedia/ VSistemiDelMondoTolomeo.html The Ptolemaic System http://catalogo.museogalileo.it/multimedia/SistemaTolomeo.html Galileo's Astronomy: The Copernican System Copernican system model Location: Florence Galileo Museum Room XII Builder: unknown Date: After 1877 http://catalogo.museogalileo.it/oggetto/Planetario.html The Copernican system http://catalogo.museogalileo.it/multimedia/SistemaCopernico.html Galileo's helioscentrism http://catalogo.museogalileo.it/multimedia/AstronomiaGalileo.html The observations of Galileo In 1610, Galileo published the Sidereus Nuncius where he collected all the observations made with the telescope. Galileo writes the book in Latin. His subsequent publications will be all in Italian to allow everyone to understand his ideas. Sidereus Nuncius 1610 Il Saggiatore Roma 1623 http://bibdig.museogalileo.it/Teca/ http://bibdig.museogalileo.it/Teca/ Viewer?an=0000000411295 Viewer?an=300984 The sky seen with the telescope The Sidereus nuncius http://bibdig.museogalileo.it/Teca/Viewer?an=0000000411295 Unlike the planets, the stars come "as vibrant brightness all around their rays and very sparkling." There are many more stars than those that can be seen with a naked eye, for example the Milky Way is formed by «un ammasso di innumerabili stelle disseminate a mucchi» Sidereus Nuncius pagine 26 -27-28 Venus phases Venus has stages like the Moon Galileo Galilei (1564- 1642) Il Saggiatore, Roma, 1623 Firenze, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Magl. 3.2.406, p. 217 http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/galileopalazzostrozzi/oggetto/MariaClaraEimmartFaseLu nareFasiVenereAspettoGioveAspettoSaturnoZoom.html Maria Clara Eimmart (1676-1707) Fase lunare, Fasi di Venere, Aspetto di Giove, Aspetto di Saturno, fine XVII sec. http://bibdig.museogalileo.it/Teca/Viewer?an=300984&vis= Bologna, Museo della Specola, Università di Bologna, inv. D#page/231/mode/1up MdS 124e, MdS 124g, MdS 124i, MdS 124l . Jupiter's satellites Jupiter has four satellites that rotate around as well The Moon turns around the Earth Sidereus Nuncius page 32 Donato Creti (1671-1749) Giove, 1711 Roma, Pinacoteca Vaticana, inv. 40437 http://bibdig.museogalileo.it/Teca http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/galileopalazzostrozzi/og /Viewer?an=0000000411295 getto/DonatoCretiLunaGioveZoom.html The Moon and its Mountains • The moon has a rough surface like that of the Earth. • It is not perfectly spherical • It has mountains of which you can calculate the height when illuminated by the Sun Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) http://bibdig.museogalileo.it/Teca/Viewer?an=0000000411295 Drawings of the Moon, novembre-dicembre 1609 Sidereus Nuncius pagina 18 Firenze, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Ms. Gal. 48, c. 28 How did Galileo calculate the height of the lunar mountains? The height of the lunar mountains http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/esplora/cannocchiale/dswmedia/simula/isimula1_1.html Video present at the Museo Galileo’s site in Florence Galileo tries to convince the world that the helioscentric system is the only one capable of explaining his observations 3 Characters 1. Salviati: Copernican; I Alias Galileo 2. Sagredo: Copernican; Alias who reads 3. Simplicio: Ptolemaic Alias the Church http://bibdig.museo galileo.it/Teca/Vie Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo Tolemaico e Copernicano wer?an=00000003 Published in Florence by Gio. Batista Landini, 1632, 1632 - 00947 Antiporta with the engraving by Stefano della Bella. The sun at the center of the world The planets revolve around the Sun. In fact, when we observe them with the telescope they sometimes seem very large (closer) sometimes very small (more distant). If they went around the earth, they would look more or less of the same magnitude (at the same distance). http://bibdig.museogalileo.it/Teca/Viewer?an=3009 47&vis=D#page/366/mode/1up Third Day Page 320 The planets do not come back The planets all move in the same way and do not come back (epicycles of Ptolemy); Their return (retrogradation) is only apparent, it is due to the fact that we observe them from different angles http://bibdig.museogalileo.it/Teca/Viewer?an=3009 47&vis=D#page/381/mode/1up Dialogue, Third Day, page 335 Even the sun turns on itself Sun spots move by showing that the sun rotates on itself. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Designs of solar stains, ca. 1612 Firenze, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Ms. Gal. 57, c. 69r http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/galileopalazzostrozzi/og getto/GalileoGalileiDisegniMacchieSolariZoom.html Earth turns on itself The movement of stars at night is only apparent. It is much simpler to imagine a planet that revolves around itself than thousands of stars that run at different speeds to make sure that their relative positions remain the same. The Earth's rotation axis is always parallel to itself during rotation around the Sun, so there are equinoxes Dialogue, Third Day Page 384 and solstices.