Sustainability as a Foundation for Collaboration between Science and Design Mark S. Rea, Ph.D. Director and Professor Lighting Research Center Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, N. Y. 31 October 2009 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Sustainability Economy Equity Ecology From Cradle to Cradle by William McDonough & Michael Braungart. 2002. 2 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Economy Economy Equity Ecology Sustainability is a framework to gain competitive advantage and increase profitability through strategic planning and long-term decisions 3 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Is lighting profitable? What is the price of light? What is the price of lighting? 4 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Price of light lamp price + electricity rate (wattage x efficacy x life efficacy x 1000 ) x recommended illuminance = dollars per square meter-hour Lamp price adjusted to constant dollars Efficacy in lumens/watt Lamp life in hours Electricity cost adjusted to constant dollars Recommended illuminance in lux per IESNA $1.00 (1967) = $6.21 (2008) 5 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Price of light: Lamps (for prevailing technology) 1913: ~ 300 lm 2008: ~ 3000 lm 6 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Price of light: Lamp life LEDs (50,000 hrs) 7 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Price of light: Lamp efficacy 225 200 sulfur lamp 175 compact fluorescent t t high-pressure sodium 150 a w 125 / fluorescent s n low-pressure sodium 100 e mercury vapor/metal halide m 75 u l incandescent LEDs 50 25 0 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 year Adapted from: http://americanhistory.si.edu/lighting/tech/chart.htm 8 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Price of light: Electricity Adapted from: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec8_38.pdf 9 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Price of light (for prevailing technology) LEDs 10 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Price of light: Recommended illuminances Source: IESNA Lighting Handbook, 1st-9th eds. 11 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Price of light (for prevailing technology) peak $0.0030 electricity cost $0.0025 increased three reduced $0.0020 light levels incandescent light levels technology $0.0015 fluorescent introduced H LED replacement $0.0010 LEDs + energy M L lamp replacement $0.0005 lamps + energy 1967 dollars per square meter • hour • meter square per 1967 dollars $0.0000 one light 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 level2010 year 12 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Economy Ecology Equity Ecology Sustainability is a framework to preserve the environment through ecologically intelligent design and rational use of resources Energy Environment 13 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. What is the real cost of light? Air pollution Global warming —probably impossible to measure precisely —but not necessarily impossible to tax 14 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Acid rain Acid pollution: Environmental © 2009Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. JLM Visuals 15 Energy Online European Environment Agency (EEA) Adam Hart-Davis Global warming Walter Jennings AgWorld ThinkQuest 16 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. “Real” cost of Price of light: Electricity electricity Adapted from: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec8_38.pdf 17 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Price of light (for prevailing technology) $0.0030 $0.0025 $0.0020 $0.0015 $0.0010 lamps + energy x 2 $0.0005 lamps + energy 1967 dollars per square meter • hour • meter square per 1967 dollars $0.0000 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 year 18 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Price of lighting lamp price + electricity rate (wattage x efficacy x life efficacy x 1000 ) x recommended illuminance + luminaires = dollars per square meter-hour 19 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Price of lighting (for prevailing technology) $0.0030 $0.0025 $0.0020 $0.0015 $0.0010 + installation + luminaires lamp replacement $0.0005 lamps + energy 1967 dollars per square meter • hour • meter square per 1967 dollars $0.0000 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 year 20 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Price of lighting lamp price + electricity rate (wattage x efficacy x life efficacy x 1000 ) x recommended illuminance + luminaires + design = dollars per square meter-hour 21 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Price of lighting (for prevailing technology) $0.0030 $0.0025 $0.0020 $0.0015 $2.50/m²* = 2.6% of the + design $0.0010 cost of ownership + installation + luminaires lamp replacement $0.0005 lamps + energy 1967 dollars per square meter • hour • meter square per 1967 dollars $0.0000 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 * in 2008 dollars year 22 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Price of lighting, percentages 23 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Price of light: Lamps (for prevailing technology) As a commodity, lamp price drops by 2/3 24 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Design becomes a commodity? $2.50/m² $0.80/m²? 25 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Economy Equity Equity Ecology Sustainability is a framework to add social value, and a foundation for maintaining the value of design 26 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Equity = People More than just lumens 27 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Equity = People More than just lumens More than just aesthetics LEDs Magazine 28 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Equity = People More than just lumens More than just aesthetics Includes safety 29 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Equity = People More than just lumens More than just aesthetics Includes safety Includes security 30 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Equity = People More than just lumens More than just aesthetics Jet lag Seasonal Adolescents’ Includes safety affective sleep disorder patterns Includes security Sports Space performance Includes health travel Neonatal Breast intensive cancer care units Night shift Older adults’ workers sleep patterns 31 Sleep disorders © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. New paradigm: Partnership between design and science Intensity Spectrum Distribution Timing Duration Visual Appearance Visual System Performance Performance, Well-being, Satisfaction, and Comfort IESNA © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Luminous efficiency functions 33 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. New paradigm: Partnership between design and science Intensity Spectrum Distribution Timing Duration Visual Appearance Visual System Performance Performance, Well-being, Satisfaction, and Comfort Alerting Phase Shift Effects Circadian System IESNA Intensity Spectrum Distribution Timing Duration © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Luminous efficiency functions 35 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. New paradigm: Partnership between design and science Intensity Spectrum Distribution Timing Duration Visual Appearance Visual System Performance Performance, Culture, Well-being, Experience, Satisfaction, Expectations and Comfort Alerting Phase Shift Effects Circadian System IESNA Intensity Spectrum Distribution Timing Duration © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Visual pleasure pathways Biederman, I. and Vessel, E. A. 2006. Perceptual Pleasure and the Brain. American Scientist. May-June. Fig. 2. 37 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Proposal: Design + Science 38 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Opportunities U.S. EPA: National Center for Environmental Research U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality AIA Upjohn Research Initiative NIH Office of Dietary Supplements American Federation for Aging Research (AFAR) Research Grants/New Investigator Awards in Alzheimer’s Disease Wisconsin Energy Conservation Corporation City of Welland, Ontario, Canada Nuckolls Fund for Lighting Education Inc. 39 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Sustainable lighting is… Economy Lighting for profit: More than price Lighting for Lighting for people: energy/environment: More than lumens More than the price of electricity Equity Ecology 40 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. Thank you. Acknowledgments: Howard Brandston John Bullough Mariana Figueiro Dennis Guyon Abhay Wadhwa 41 © 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved..