NOTES CHAPTER 1 1. University Herald (hereafter UH) 1:1 (1948). 2. Kenneth Mellanby, The Birth of Nigeria’s University (London, 1958), 59. 3. Southern Nigeria Defender (hereafter SND), 4 February 1948. 4. SND, 5 February 1948. 5. West African Pilot (hereafter WAP), 9 February 1948. 6. SND, 12 February 1949. 7. A.B. Aderibigbe and T.G.O. Gbadamosi (eds.), A History of the University of Lagos, 1962–1987 (Lagos, 1987); J.F. Ade Ajayi and T.N. Tamuno (eds.), The University of Ibadan 1948–73: A History of the First Twenty-Five Years (Ibadan, 1973); Abdullahi Mahadi (ed.), A History of Ahmadu Bello University, 1962–1987 (Zaria, 1989); B.A. Mojuetan (ed.), Ibadan at Fifty, 1948–1998: Nigeria’s Premier University in Perspective (Ibadan, 2000); E. Obiechina, C. Ike and J.A. Umeh (eds.), The University of Nigeria 1960–85: An Experiment in Higher Education (Nsukka, 1986); Olufemi Omosini and ’Biodun Adediran (eds.), Great Ife: A History of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 1962–1987 (Ile-Ife, 1989). 8. Eric Ashby, Universities: British, Indian, African. A Study in the Ecology of Higher Education, with Mary Anderson (London, 1966), 147–8; Nduka Okafor, The Development of Universities in Nigeria (London, 1971), 2. 9. The ‘west’ and the ‘western world’ are problematic terms that misleadingly imply a homogenous, clearly bounded region that has been seen as the cradle of modernity. The term ‘western education’ is used here to refer to forms of © The Author(s) 2017 183 T. Livsey, Nigeria’s University Age, Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-56505-1 184 NOTES education with roots in the west, although western education has a lengthy genealogy that has involved interactions between geographical regions. References to the ‘west’ and ‘western education’ are used here as a shorthand. A lower case ‘w’ has been employed as a reminder that these categories should be treated with caution. References to the Nigerian regions, for example the Western Region, Western Nigeria, and the West, have been capitalised. Places are referred to by the names that were current during the period discussed, and Yoruba diacritical marks have been omitted. 10. Because of the focus of this study, the terms ‘education’ and ‘educated’ are used to refer to forms of education with roots in the west, unless otherwise specified. Other systems of knowledge with roots in Africa and the Islamic world have important histories, although they are not the central concern of this book. On this point see Sanjay Seth, Subject Lessons: The Western Education of India (Durham, NC, 2007), 1–9. 11. Bronwen Everill, Abolition and Empire in Sierra Leone and Liberia (Basingstoke, 2013), 18–19. 12. Everill, Abolition and Empire,49–50. 13. Toyin Falola and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (Cambridge, 2008), 87–8, 93–109. 14. Useful discussions about defining the Nigerian ‘educated elite’ include: Kirstin Mann, Marrying Well: Marriage, Status and Social Change Among the Educated Elite in Colonial Lagos (Cambridge, 1985), 2–7; Philip Zachernuk, Colonial Subjects: An African Intelligentsia and Atlantic Ideas (Charlottesville, 2000), 12, 83, 128–39; Nozomi Sawada, ‘The educated elite and associational life in early Lagos newspapers: in search of unity for the progress of society’, Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Birmingham (2011), 19–20. On Blyden see Okafor, Development of Universities,22–34; Ashby, Universities,62–7. 15. M.J.C. Echeruo, Victorian Lagos: Aspects of Nineteenth Century Lagos Life (London, 1977), 30. 16. Contrasting accounts are offered in P.K. Tibenderana, Education and Cultural Change in Northern Nigeria, 1906–1966: A Study in the Creation of a Dependent Culture (Kampala, 2003), 26–66; and Ogechi Emmanuel Anyanwu, The Politics of Access: University Education and Nation-Building in Nigeria, 1948–2000 (Calgary, 2011), 25–6. 17. On the Elliot report see Report of the Commission on Higher Education in West Africa, Cmd. 6655 (1945) (hereafter Elliot report). 18. Björn Wittrock, ‘The modern university: the three transformations’,in Sheldon Rothblatt and Björn Wittrock (eds.), The European and American University Since 1800: Historical and Sociological Essays (Cambridge, 1993), 323–44. See also Edward Shils and John Roberts, ‘The diffusion of European models outside Europe’, in Walter Rüegg (ed.), A History of the University in NOTES 185 Europe,Vol.III:Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1948) (Cambridge, 2004), 163–230. 19. Ethnicity and race are not understood here as primordial categories, but as constructed in dialogue with political agendas and practices. On ethno- political competition, see Larry Diamond, Class, Ethnicity and Democracy in Nigeria: the Failure of the First Republic (Syracuse, 1988), 7–11. 20. For example see Wall Street Journal, 9 December 2013. On recent ‘Africa rising’ narratives, see The Economist, 2 March 2013. 21. For example see Hanne Kirstine Adriansen, Lene Møller Madsen and Stig Jensen (eds), Higher Education and Capacity Building in Africa: The Geography and Power of Knowledge Under Changing Conditions (Abingdon, 2016); Peter H. Koehn and Milton O. Obamba, The Transnationally Partnered University: Insights From Research and Sustainable Development Collaborations in Africa (New York, 2014). 22. Some scholars have seen American modernisation theory as closely related to British colonial development ideas, with similar roots, while others empha- sise differences, stressing the distinctive American roots of modernisation theory. For work stressing similarities see M.E. Latham, Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and ‘Nation Building’ in the Kennedy Era (Chapel Hill, 2000), 213–14; Inderjeet Parmar, Foundations of the American Century: The Ford, Carnegie and Rockefeller Foundations in the Rise of American Power (New York, 2012), 152; Larry Grubbs, Secular Missionaries: Americans and African Development in the 1960s (Amherst, 2009), 9, 71. For work stressing differences see David Ekbladah, The Great American Mission: Modernization and the Construction of an American World Order (Princeton, 2010), 2–7; M. Adas, ‘Modernization theory and the American revival of the scientific and technological standards of social achievement and human worth’, in D.C. Engerman et al. (eds.), Staging Growth: Modernization, Development and the Global Cold War (Amherst, 2003), 35. On decolonisation and the nation see Frederick Cooper, ‘Possibility and constraint: African independence in historical perspective’, Journal of African History 49:2 (2008), 174–9. 23. M.P. Cowen and R.W. Shenton, Doctrines of Development (London, 1996), 3–11; Gilbert Rist, The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith, trans. Patrick Camiller (London, 2014), 40–3. 24. Elizabeth Darling, Re-forming Britain: Narratives of Modernity Before Reconstruction (Abingdon, 2007), 5–6. On the politics of expertise see David Edgerton, Warfare State: Britain, 1920–1970 (Cambridge, 2006), 9, 111–13; Joseph M. Hodge, The Triumph of the Expert: Agrarian Doctrines of Development and the Legacies of British Colonialism (Athens,OH,2007),3–4. 25. S.R. Ashton and S.E. Stockwell, ‘Introduction’, in S.R. Ashton and S.E Stockwell (eds.), British Documents on the End of Empire,SeriesAVol.I: 186 NOTES Imperial Policy and Colonial Practice, 1925–1945,pt.1:Metropolitan Reorganisation, Defence and Constitutional Relations, Political Change and Constitutional Reform (London, 1996), lxvii–lxviii. On calls for urban reform in Nigeria see for example Ruth Watson, ‘Civil Disorder is the Disease of Ibadan’: Chieftaincy and Culture in a Yoruba City (Oxford, 2003), 127–30. 26. Frederick Cooper, Africa Since 1940: The Past of the Present (Cambridge, 2002), 85–90; Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 (London, 1995), 199–204, 268–74. 27. André Gunder Frank, ‘The development of underdevelopment’, Monthly Review 18:4 (1966); James D. Cockcroft, André Gunder Frank and Dale L. Johnson (eds.), Dependence and Underdevelopment: Latin America’s Political Economy (New York, 1972). 28. James Ferguson, The Anti-Politics Machine: ‘Development’, Depoliticization and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho (Minneapolis, 1994); James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven, 1998). 29. James Ferguson, Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life on the Zambian Copperbelt (Berkeley, 1999), 13–14; Frederick Cooper, Colonialism in Question: Theory, History, Knowledge (Berkeley, 2005), 115. 30. D.A. Low and J.M. Lonsdale, ‘Introduction: towards the new order 1945–1963’,inD.A.LowandAlisonSmith(eds.),A History of East Africa Vol. III (Oxford, 1976), 12–15. Also see John Darwin, ‘Was there a fourth British empire?’,inMartinLynn(ed.),The British Empire in the 1950s: Retreat or Revival? (Basingstoke, 2006), 24. 31. J.M. Lee and Martin Petter, The Colonial Office, War and Development Policy: Organisation and the Planning of a Metropolitan Initiative, 1939–45 (London, 1982). Also see Stephen Constantine, The Making of British Colonial Development Policy, 1914–1940 (London, 1984), 231–61; Michael Havinden and David Meredith, Colonialism and Development: Britain and its Tropical Colonies, 1850–1960 (London, 1993), 215–30; Joanna Lewis, Empire State-Building: War and Welfare in Kenya 1925–52 (Oxford, 2000), 4–9. 32. David M. Anderson, Eroding the Commons: The Politics of Ecology in Baringo, Kenya 1890s-1963 (Oxford, 2002), 6. 33. For example see Edward