-1- Supplemental Tables ATTN: "Neural correlates of predictive and postdictive switching mechanisms for internal models" by Hiroshi Imamizu and Mitsuo Kawato -2- Activity related to cue (event-related response in test trial): instructed condition (Fig. 4A) Peak coordinate Maximum x y z T-value Cluster size Frontal/central lobe Cluster 1 －50 2 44 15.19 3353 Precentral gyrus (L) (24.1%), Middle frontal gyrus (L) (16.1%), Supplementary motor area (L) (14.9%), Supplementary motor area (R) (7.6%), Inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part (L) (6.6%), Inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part (L) (5.9%), Superior frontal gyrus (L) (5.7%), Median cingulate and paracingulate gyri (L) (4.5%), Median cingulate and paracingulate gyri (R) (4.0%), Anterior cingulate and paracingulate gyri (L) (4.0%), Anterior cingulate and paracingulate gyri (R) (2.5%), Superior frontal gyrus, medial orbital (L) (2.3%) Cluster 2 －34 44 30 7.54 418 Middle frontal gyrus (L) (79.4%), Inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part (L) (9.8%), Superior frontal gyrus (L) (3.4%) Cluster 3 52 10 52 7.41 405 Middle frontal gyrus (R) (63.0%), Precentral gyrus (R) (33.3%) Parietal/occipital lobe Cluster 1 －30 －68 44 12.85 6087 Precuneus (R) (13.2%), Inferior parietal gyri (L) (10.6%), Precuneus (L) (9.8%), Cuneus (L) (8.7%), Calcarine fissure and surrounding cortex (R) (7.4%), Superior parietal gyrus (L) (7.3%), Cuneus (R) (7.0%), Middle occipital gyrus (L) (6.2%), Lingual gyrus (L) (4.9%), Median cingulate and paracingulate gyri (R) (4.6%), Calcarine fissure and surrounding cortex (L) (4.1%), Lingual gyrus (R) (3.8%), Superior occipital gyrus (L) (3.8%), Median cingulate and paracingulate gyri (L) (2.4%), Angular gyrus (L) (2.3%) Cluster 2 38 －64 50 5.75 307 Angular gyrus (R) (84.0%), Superior parietal gyrus (R) (10.4%), Inferior parietal gyrus (R) (5.0%) -3- Temporal lobe Cluster 1 62 －36 2 7.11 697 Middle temporal gyrus (R) (85.8%), Superior temporal gyrus (R) (11.1%), Inferior temporal gyrus (R) (2.9%) Cerebellum Cluster 1 －46 －60 －36 13.79 1609 Cerebellum crus1 (L) (46.2%), Cerebellum lobule 6 (L) (24.3%), Fusiform gyrus (L) (23.3%), Inferior temporal gyrus (L) (3.4%), Cerebellum crus2 (L) (1.3%) Cluster 2 32 －74 －18 10.25 1838 Cerebellum lobule 6 (R) (32.6%), Cerebellum crus1 (R) (32.0%), Fusiform gyrus (R) (25.2%), Inferior occipital gyrus (R) (7.6%), Lingual gyrus (R) (1.2%) -4- Activity related to cue (event-related response in test trial): non-instructed condition (Fig. 4B) Peak coordinate Maximum x y z T-value Cluster size Frontal/central lobe Cluster 1 48 14 54 7.56 825 Middle frontal gyrus (R) (48.2%), Inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part (R) (35.4%), Precentral gyrus (R) (7.6%), Inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part (R) (4.7%) Cluster 2 －44 18 30 6.48 635 Middle frontal gyrus (L) (38.6%), Inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part (L) (36.4%), Inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part (L) (15.4%), Precentral gyrus (L) (9.0%) Parietal/occipital lobe Cluster 1 4 －64 42 12.76 3637 Precuneus (R) (25.7%), Precuneus (L) (23.2%), Median cingulate and paracingulate gyri (R) (11.8%), Cuneus (R) (11.5%), Cuneus (L) (11.4%), Median cingulate and paracingulate gyri (L) (7.5%), Posterior cingulate gyrus (L) (1.2%), Superior parietal gyrus (L) (1.0%) Cluster 2 40 －62 46 8.12 516 Angular gyrus (R) (86.4%), Inferior parietal gyrus (R) (6.2%), Superior occipital gyrus (R) (2.7%), Superior parietal gyrus (R) (2.3%), Middle occipital gyrus (R) (2.3%) Cluster 3 －34 －66 42 6.06 324 Inferior parietal gyrus (L) (42.3%), Angular gyrus (L) (29.6%), Middle occipital gyrus (L) (19.8%), Superior Parietal gyrus (L) (8.3%) Cluster 4 4 －76 0 6.19 715 Lingual gyrus (R) (27.6%), Calcarine fissure and surrounding cortex (L) (26.4%), Lingual gyrus (L) (25.6%), Calcarine fissure and surrounding cortex (R) (17.6%) Temporal lobe Cluster 1 66 －44 －14 9.05 688 Middle temporal gyrus (R) (84.5%), Inferior temporal gyrus (R) (14.5%) -5- Cerebellum Cluster 1 36 －58 －24 15.81 2144 Fusiform gyrus (R) (27.3%), Cerebellum lobule 6 (R) (25.8%), Cerebellum crus1 (R) (18.4%), Inferior occipital gyrus (R) (17.4%), Cerebellum crus2 (R) (3.0%), Cerebellum lobule 7b (R) (2.2%), Middle occipital gyrus (R) (1.8%) Cluster 2 －34 －64 －20 8.09 973 Cerebellum lobule 6 (L) (37.9%), Cerebellum crus1 (L) (27.8%), Fusiform gyrus (L) (26.9%), Inferior temporal gyrus (L) (2.0%), Inferior occipital gyrus (L) (1.6%), Lingual gyrus (L) (1.5%) Limbic lobe Cluster 1 16 －18 －18 4.43 750 Parahippocampal gyrus (R) (23.3%), Hippocampus (R) (11.7%), Cerebellum lobule 3 (R) (5.1%), Lingual gyrus (R) (3.3%), Cerebellum lobule 4/5 (R) (2.4%) -6- Activity related to cue (test trial > error-equalized trial): instructed condition (Fig. 4C) Peak coordinate Maximum x y z T-value Cluster size Frontal/central lobe Cluster 1 －54 6 44 9.74 2889 Precentral gyrus (L) (26.9%), Middle frontal gyrus (R) (14.9%), Middle frontal gyrus (L) (13.2%), Superir frontal gyrus (L) (10.0%), Precentral gyrus (R) (9.1%), Supplementary motor area (L) (7.0%), Supplementary motor area (R) (5.0%), Superior frontal gyrus (R) (3.8%), Inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part (R) (3.1%), Inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part (L) (3.1%), Inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part (L) (1.5%) Cluster 2 －2 20 48 7.34 382 Supplementary motor area (L) (51.6%), Supplementary motor area (R) (17.5%), Superior frontal gyrus, medial (L) (17.3%), Median cingulate and paracingulate gyri (L) (5.7%), Superior frontal gyrus, medial (R) (4.2%), Median cingulate and paracingulate gyri (R) (3.7%) Cluster 3 －36 46 24 6.95 444 Middle frontal gyrus (L) (77.0%), Inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part (L) (20.5%) Parietal/occipital lobe Cluster 1 －38 －48 60 9.98 5066 Superior parietal gyrus (L) (22.4%), Inferior parietal gyri (L) (19.4%), Precuneus (L) (15.5%), Precuneus (R) (12.6%), Superior parietal gyrus (R) (9.7%), Angular gyeus (R) (6.0%), Middle cccipital gyrus (L) (4.6%), Superior occipital gyrus (L) (2.5%), Superior occipital gyrus (R) (1.7%), Cuneus (L) (1.1%) Cerebellum Cluster 1 －44 －58 －34 8.38 1223 Cerebellum crus1 (L) (67.2%), Cerebellum lobule 6 (L) (17.4%), Fusiform gyrus (L) (8.5%), Inferior temporal gyrus (L) (3.8%), Cerebellum crus2 (L) (1.3%) Cluster 2 32 －58 －28 7.89 1931 -7- Cerebellum crus1 (R) (31.4%), Cerebellum lobule 6 (R) (31.1%), Fusiform gyrus (R) (16.1%), Inferior occipital gyrus (R) (13.8%), Inferior temporal gyrus (R) (2.7%), Lingual gyrus (R) (2.3%), -8- Activity related to cue (test trial > error-equalized trial): non-instructed condition (Fig. 4D) Peak coordinate Maximum x y z T-value Cluster size Frontal/central lobe Cluster 1 44 12 58 6.90 409 Middle frontal gyrus (R) (78.7%), Inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part (R) (12.7%), Precentral gyrus (R) (2.2%) Parietal/occipital lobe Cluster 1 40 －62 46 8.21 565 Angular gyrus (R) (67.3%), Inferior parietal gyrus (R) (23.7%), Superior parietal guys (R) (8.3%) Cluster 2 2 －68 44 6.85 622 Precuneus (L) (52.4%), Precuneus (R) (43.3%), Cuneus (R) (2.7%) Cluster 3 －36 －64 48 6.17 317 Inferior parietal gyrus (L) (67.5%), Superior parietal gyrus (L) (15.8%), Angular gyrus (L) (14.5%) Cerebellum/occipital lobe Cluster 1 －36 －54 －36 8.12 458 Cerebellum crus1 (L) (60.0%), Cerebellum lobule 6 (L) (21.6%), Cerebellum crus2 (L) (6.6%), Cerebellum lobule 7b (L) (4.4%), Cerebellum lobule 8 (L) (1.5%) Cluster 2 34 －68 －16 5.43 354 Cerebellum lobule 6 (R) (46.9%), Fusiform gyrus (R) (28.3%), Cerebellum crus1 (R) (24.9%) Limbic lobe Cluster 1 2 －22 30 6.74 400 Median cingulate and paracingulate gyri (R) (44.8%), Median cingulate and paracingulate gyri (L) (26.3%), Posterior cingulate gyrus (L) (4.0%) -9- Activity related to execution/feedback (event-related response in test trial): instructed condition (Fig. 4E) Peak coordinate Maximum x y z T-value Cluster size Frontal/central/parietal lobe Cluster 1 －42 －4 58 16.21 10176 Superior parietal gyrus (L) (13.2%), Precentral gyrus (L) (12.6%), Superior parietal gyrus (R) (11.0%), Precuneus (R) (9.1%), Inferior parietal gyrus (L) (7.7%), Precuneus (L) (7.1%), Postcentral gyrus (L) (5.2%), Supplementary motor area (L) (4.9%), Superiro frontal gyrus (R) (4.8%), Middle frontal gyrus (R) (4.2%), Superior frontal gyrus (L) (4.1%), Supplementary motor area (R) (3.7%), Middle frontal gyrus (L) (2.1%), Inferior parietal gyrus (R) (1.6%), Superior occipital gyrus (R) (1.5%), Median cingulate and paracingulate gyri (R) (1.3%), Median cingulate and paracingulate gyri (L) (1.2%) Cerebellum Cluster 1 24 －64 －24 11.42 8493 Cerebellum lobule 6 (R) (17.3%), Cerebellum crus1 (L) (16.9%), Cerebellum lobule 6 (L) (10.9%), Cerebellum crus1 (R) (7.0%), Cerebellum lobule 8 (R) (4.6%), Cerebellum lobule 8 (L) (4.6%), Fusiform gyrus (R) (4.1%), Vermis lobule 6 (4.1%), Lingual gyrus (L) (4.0%), Cerebellum crus2 (L) (3.2%), Calcarine fissure and surrounding cortex (L) (2.7%), Fusiform gyrus (L) (2.5%), Vermis lobule 8 (2.3%), Vermis lobule 7 (2.2%), Lingual gyrus (R) (1.8%), Cerebellum lobule 4/5 (R) (1.3%), Cerebellum lobule 7b (L) (1.2%), Vermis lobule 4/5 (1.0%) Temporal/inferior frontal lobe Cluster 1 56 18 －6 7.79 305 Temporal pole: superior temporal gyrus (R) (43.0%), Inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part (R) (17.7%), Insula (R) (9.5%), Inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part (R) (8.9%), Rolandic operculum (R) (2.3%) -10- Activity related to execution/feedback (event-related response in test trial): non-instructed condition (Fig.