Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack GCPEA EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK Global Coalition to Protect GCPEA Education from Attack This study is published by the Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack (GCPEA), an inter-agency coalition formed in 2010 by organizations working in the fields of education in emergencies and conflict-affected contexts, higher education, protection, international human rights and humanitarian law who were concerned about ongoing attacks on educational institutions, their students and staff in countries affected by conflict and insecurity. GCPEA is a coalition of organizations that includes: the Council for Assisting Refugee Academics (CARA), Human Rights Watch, the Institute of International Education, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Protect Education in Insecurity and Conflict (PEIC, a programme of Education Above All), Save the Children, the Scholars at Risk Network, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). GCPEA is a project of the Tides Center, a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization. This study is the result of independent external research commissioned by GCPEA. It is independent of the individual member organizations of the Steering Committee of GCPEA and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Steering Committee member organizations. CONTRIBUTORS Project team leader/Chief editor: Mark Richmond GCPEA would like to thank Julia Freedson, Vernor Muñoz and Lead researcher: Brendan O’Malley Peter Rowe, members of the project’s Advisory Committee, for reviewing the study’s content and providing comments. Researcher/Production coordinator: Jane Kalista GCPEA is grateful to Veronique Aubert, Zama Coursen-Neff, Emily Contributing researchers: Sibylla Brodzinsky, Steve Farrar, Echessa, Courtney Erwin, Amy Kapit, Elin Martinez, Jim Miller III, John Giraldo, Whitney Hough, Aimé Kouman, Diya Nijhowne, Robert Quinn, Bede Sheppard, Margaret Sinclair, Dorothy Lepkowska, Anji Manivannan, Clemence Manyukwe, Stephen Wordsworth and Wendy Zillich for reviewing and Chiade O’Shea, Fuad Rajeh, Paul Rigg, Paulina Vega commenting on this study, and to Brian Root, drawing on his Authors of thematic essays: Steven Haines, Mario Novelli, expertise on the use of data analysis for human rights research, Ervjola Selenica, Hannah Thompson for his review of the study’s methodology. Designer: Rafael Jiménez GCPEA also appreciates the contributions of Sumerya Aydemir, Carlos Conde, Mary De Sousa, Corinne Dufka, Lama Fakih, Ali Dayan Hasan, Selah Hennessy, Dewa Mavhinga, Fuadi Pitsuwan, Anne Reckless, Phil Robertson, (Cover) Children wander amid the remains of Charles von Rosenberg, Matt Wells and Belkis Wille. Tarik Al Bab primary school, closed and damaged Funding for this study from PEIC and two anonymous donors is by fighting in Aleppo, Syria, 9 February 2013. gratefully acknowledged. © 2013 Jerome Sessini/Magnum Photos EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014 A global study of threats or deliberate use of force against students, teachers, academics, education trade union members and government officials, aid workers and other education staff, and against schools, universities and other education institutions, carried out for political, military, ideological, sectarian, ethnic or religious reasons in 2009-2013 CONTeNTS Preface ..........................................................................................................................................4 Summary.......................................................................................................................................6 Methodology................................................................................................................................32 Definitions of terms for data collection purposes .......................................................................34 Methods of data collection and analysis....................................................................................36 Challenges and limitations of data collection and analysis.........................................................36 Part I – Global overview.................................................................................................................41 Scale and nature of attacks on education...................................................................................41 Reported motives and perpetrators of attacks............................................................................47 Military use of schools and universities .....................................................................................51 Recruitment of children and sexual violence at schools or along school routes ...........................54 Attacks on higher education......................................................................................................54 Long-term impact of attacks on education .................................................................................58 Response and prevention .........................................................................................................62 Monitoring, assessment and reporting ...............................................................................62 Accountability and ending impunity ...................................................................................64 Enhancing security on the ground ......................................................................................67 Negotiated solutions..........................................................................................................67 Community responses........................................................................................................70 Education policy and planning ...........................................................................................70 Protecting higher education ...............................................................................................74 Advocacy ...........................................................................................................................74 Recommendations....................................................................................................................76 Part II – Thematic essays...............................................................................................................81 The role of communities in protecting education .......................................................................82 Protecting higher education from attack....................................................................................93 Military use of schools and universities: changing behaviour....................................................103 Part III - Country profiles ..............................................................................................................113 Afghanistan.............................................................................................................................114 Bahrain...................................................................................................................................119 Central African Republic...........................................................................................................121 Colombia ................................................................................................................................124 Côte d’Ivoire ...........................................................................................................................130 Democratic Republic of the Congo............................................................................................131 Egypt ......................................................................................................................................135 Ethiopia..................................................................................................................................136 India.......................................................................................................................................138 Indonesia ...............................................................................................................................142 Iran ........................................................................................................................................144 Iraq ........................................................................................................................................146 Israel/Palestine ......................................................................................................................150 Kenya .....................................................................................................................................154 Libya ......................................................................................................................................156 Mali........................................................................................................................................158 Mexico....................................................................................................................................159 Myanmar ................................................................................................................................163 Nigeria....................................................................................................................................165