Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2009-09 General use of UAS in EW environment--EW concepts and tactics for single or multiple UAS over the net-centric battlefield Erdemli, Mustafa Gokhan. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4512 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS GENERAL USE OF UAS IN EW ENVIRONMENT—EW CONCEPTS AND TACTICS FOR SINGLE OR MULTIPLE UAS OVER THE NET-CENTRIC BATTLEFIELD by Mustafa Gokhan Erdemli Thesis Co-Advisors: Edward Fisher Wolfgang Baer Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED September 2009 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE General Use of UAS in EW Environment—EW 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Concepts and Tactics for Single or Multiple UAS over the Net-Centric Battlefield 6. AUTHOR(S) Mustafa Gokhan Erdemli 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) With the development of technology, Electronic Warfare has been increasing for decades its importance in modern battles. It can even be referred to as the heart of today’s net-centric battlefield. Unmanned Aerial Systems are gaining more importance every single day. Nations are working on more complex and more effective UAS in order to accomplish missions that are very difficult, or even impossible for manned aircraft. Electronic Warfare missions are often dangerous and risky. Mounting Electronic Warfare equipment on a UAS and using it to conduct the EW mission is the most rational solution, since it does not endanger human life. This thesis will examine the possible ways in which UAS can be paired with EW equipment. These two technologies can be integrated into a single mission over the net-centric battlefield. Furthermore, this thesis will try to explain the concepts and tactics required to use these integrated technologies more effectively. At the end of the thesis, a scenario will be run to help the reader understand the applicability of these tactics in the real environment. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Network Centric Warfare, Unmanned Aerial 15. NUMBER OF System, UAV Missions, NCW, UAS, UAV, Electronic Warfare, EW Missions, EW and UAS Tactics PAGES 245 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited GENERAL USE OF UAS IN EW ENVIRONMENT—EW CONCEPTS AND TACTICS FOR SINGLE OR MULTIPLE UAS OVER THE NET-CENTRIC BATTLEFIELD Mustafa Gokhan Erdemli 1st Lieutenant, Turkish Air Force B.S., Turkish Air Force Academy, 2001 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRONIC WARFARE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL September 2009 Author: Mustafa Gokhan Erdemli Approved by: Edward Fisher Thesis Advisor Dr. Wolfgang Baer Co- Thesis Advisor Dan C. Boger Chairman, Department of Information Sciences iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT With the development of technology, Electronic Warfare has been increasing for decades its importance in modern battles. It can even be referred to as the heart of today’s net- centric battlefield. Unmanned Aerial Systems are gaining more importance every single day. Nations are working on more complex and more effective UAS in order to accomplish missions that are very difficult, or even impossible for manned aircraft. Electronic Warfare missions are often dangerous and risky. Mounting Electronic Warfare equipment on a UAS and using it to conduct the EW mission is the most rational solution, since it does not endanger human life. This thesis will examine the possible ways in which UAS can be paired with EW equipment. These two technologies can be integrated into a single mission over the net- centric battlefield. Furthermore this thesis will try to explain the concepts and tactics required to use these integrated technologies more effectively. At the end of the thesis, a scenario will be run to help the reader understand the applicability of these tactics in the real environment. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 A. MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTIONS .............................................................1 B. SCOPE OF THE THESIS...............................................................................2 C. BENEFITS OF STUDY...................................................................................2 D. CHAPTER OUTLINE.....................................................................................2 1. Introduction..........................................................................................2 2. General Description of EW.................................................................2 3. History of EW.......................................................................................3 4. General Information About UAS .......................................................3 5. History of UAS .....................................................................................3 6. Merging Points of EW and UAS.........................................................4 7. Possible Tactics and Concepts of UAS in the Net-centric Battle Area .......................................................................................................4 8. Scenario.................................................................................................5 9. Conclusions and Recommendations...................................................5 II. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF EW.........................................................................7 A. MAIN DEFINITIONS RELATED TO ELECTRONIC WARFARE ........7 1. Electromagnetic Spectrum (EMS)......................................................7 2. Electromagnetic Environment (EME) ...............................................7 3. Electronic Warfare (EW)....................................................................9 4. Electronic Attack (EA) ........................................................................9 5. Electronic Protection (EP) ................................................................10 6. Electronic Warfare Support (ES).....................................................10 7. Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Support .................................11 8. Directed Energy (DE) in EW. ...........................................................12 B. EW EFFECTS................................................................................................12 1. Types of Electromagnetic Deception................................................13 C. EW TENETS ..................................................................................................15 D. ELECTRONIC WARFARE’S RELATIONSHIP TO INFORMATION OPERATIONS (IO)........................................................15 E. THE MAJOR ACTIVITIES PERFORMED IN EW.................................17 III. HISTORY OF EW.....................................................................................................21 A. BEFORE AND DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR.............................21 B. FROM 1919 TO THE END OF SECOND WORLD WAR .......................23 C. FROM 1946 TO THE FIRST GULF WAR ................................................26 1. Korean War (1950–1953) to Vietnam ..............................................26 2. Vietnam War Era (1962–1975).........................................................31 3. Yom Kippur (1973) and the Bekaa Valley (1982)...........................39 a. Aircraft and Missiles Used in Bekaa Valley Battle................44 4. The First Gulf War (Operation DESERT STORM) ......................47 vii D. FROM THE FIRST GULF WAR TO THE PRESENT.............................56 1. Operation Allied Forces (23 March-10 June 1999).........................56 2. The War in Afghanistan (7 October 2001-Present)........................59