Handbook of the Philosophy of Medicine Thomas Schramme • Steven Edwards Editors Handbook of the Philosophy of Medicine With 14 Figures and 8 Tables Editors Thomas Schramme Steven Edwards Department of Philosophy Philosophy, History and Law University of Liverpool Swansea University Liverpool, UK Swansea, UK ISBN 978-94-017-8687-4 ISBN 978-94-017-8688-1 (eBook) ISBN 978-94-017-8689-8 (print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-8688-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016950589 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media B.V. The registered company address is: Van Godewijckstraat 30, 3311 GX Dordrecht, The Netherlands Preface Philosophy of medicine is a subject that has been around since the beginning of medicine but has only fairly recently, roughly in the last 40 years, been profession- ally developed into a discipline in its own right. It has gained a stronger status in relation to medical ethics or bioethics, which focuses on moral issues in medicine, whereas philosophy of medicine has a broader and less applied remit, addressing metaphysical, epistemological, and other philosophical issues in medicine. There are now dedicated societies and academic centers dealing with different topics in philosophy of medicine. This interest is continuously increasing, not least because it has become obvious that several issues in bioethics are based on more theoretical problems of medicine. The Handbook of the Philosophy of Medicine is offered as an all-embracing reference work that analyzes and discusses philosophical issues in relation to medicine and health care. It does not directly focus on ethical issues in health care, which have been thoroughly discussed in the last few decades, but centers around the basic concepts and methodological problems in medicine, which often underlie the ethical debates in health care. This is the first wide-ranging, multiauthored handbook in the field. It introduces and develops dozens of topics, concepts, and issues and is written by distinguished specialists from multiple disciplines. The Handbook of the Philosophy of Medicine aims to be the most thorough book of its kind, covering all major topics that have been discussed in this vibrant area. It provides a single source of information for this far-ranging and still developing field. The chapters also advance these debates and aim at setting the agenda for years to come. The handbook will provide essential reading for anyone who wishes to develop an in-depth understanding of the philos- ophy of medicine or any of its subfields. It will be an invaluable source for laypeople, academics with an interest in medicine, and health care specialists who want to be informed and up to date with the relevant discussions. A book project of this scale is very much a team effort. We are immensely grateful for the support of so many friends and colleagues. Most importantly, our authors have been fantastic to work with. Their enthusiasm for the project and their desire to advance the discipline, as well as their level of scholarship in the relevant areas, have made our task very easy. The members of the Advisory Board, Ruth Chadwick, Wim Dekkers, Martyn Evans, Elselijn Kingma, Lennart Nordenfelt, and Pekka Louhiala, v vi Preface were extremely supportive and helped us enormously in identifying relevant topics and suitable authors. Finally, editorial staff at Springer, Alexa Singh, Navjeet Kaur, and Abhijit Baroi, were a pleasure to work with. They diligently and speedily produced the submitted chapters. In addition, Mike Hermann at the New York office supervised the project from beginning to end and provided invaluable advice. Department of Philosophy, University of Thomas Schramme Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Philosophy, History and Law, Swansea Steven Edwards University, Swansea, UK Contents Volume 1 Part I Core Concepts in Health Care . ....................... 1 1 Philosophy of Medicine and Bioethics ...................... 3 Thomas Schramme 2 Normality as Convention and as Scientific Fact ............... 17 Ruth Chadwick 3 On Concepts of Positive Health ........................... 29 Lennart Nordenfelt 4 Disease as Scientific and as Value-Laden Concept ............. 45 Elselijn Kingma 5 Mental Disorders as Genuine Medical Conditions ............. 65 Jerome C. Wakefield 6 Curing and Healing: Two Goals of Medicine ................. 83 Dorota Szawarska 7 Illness and Its Experience: The Patient Perspective ............ 93 Havi Carel 8 Nursing as Caring ...................................... 109 Derek Sellman 9 Goals of Medicine ...................................... 121 Thomas Schramme 10 Suffering: Harm to Bodies, Minds, and Persons .............. 129 Bjørn Hofmann vii viii Contents 11 Disability as Medical and as Social Category ................. 147 Steven Edwards 12 Subjective and Objective Accounts of Well-Being and Quality of Life ......................................... 159 Thomas Schramme 13 Pain as a Subjective and Objective Phenomenon .............. 169 Wim Dekkers 14 Death as Biological Category ............................. 189 Stephen Holland 15 Suicide ............................................... 207 Steven Edwards 16 Enhancing Human Abilities and Characteristics Beyond Normality ............................................ 223 Andrew Bloodworth 17 How Can Aging Be Thought of as Anything Other Than a Disease? ............................................ 233 Arthur Caplan Part II Organisms . .................................... 241 18 Human Organisms from an Evolutionary Perspective: Its Significance for Medicine .............................. 243 Mahesh Ananth 19 Human Nature as Normative Concept: Relevance for Health Care ........................................... 273 Nicanor Pier Giorgio Austriaco O.P. 20 Conceptions of Health and Disease in Plants and Animals ...... 287 Henrik Lerner 21 Genetic Information in Medicine: Its Generation, Significance, and Use .............................................. 303 Angus Clarke 22 Conceptualization of Genetic Disease ....................... 325 Catherine Dekeuwer 23 Mind-Brain Dualism and Its Place in Mental Health Care ...... 345 Eric Matthews 24 Memory, Identity and Dementia ........................... 359 Simon Walker and John McMillan Contents ix 25 Children Are Not Small Adults: Significance of Biological and Cognitive Development in Medical Practice .................. 371 Vic Larcher 26 Extending Human Life as an Aim of Medicine ............... 395 Søren Holm Part III Patients ......................................... 409 27 Holism in Health Care: Patient as Person ................... 411 Simon Woods 28 Hope, Despair, and Other Strategies of Patients ............... 429 Kenneth Boyd 29 Dignity of the Patient ................................... 441 Andrew Edgar and Lennart Nordenfelt 30 The Living Body and the Lived Body in the Clinical Encounter: How Does the Body Shape Ethical Practice .................. 463 Dorothée Legrand 31 Trust and Mistrust Between Patients and Doctors ............. 487 John Saunders 32 Spirituality in Health Care ............................... 503 John Paley 33 Dying and the End of Life ................................ 529 James Stacey Taylor 34 “Lives at Risk” Study: Philosophical and Ethical Implications of Using Narrative Inquiry in Health Services Research ........ 539 Ashrafunnesa Khanom, Sarah Wright, Marcus Doel, Melanie Storey, Clare Clement, and Frances Rapport 35 Delusions: A Project in Understanding ...................... 557 KWM Fulford and Tim Thornton 36 Impairments of Personal Freedom in Mental Disorders ........ 577 Jann E. Schlimme 37 Mental Capacity of Adult Patients in Health Care ............. 597 Jeanette Hewitt 38 Patients’ Responsibility for Their Health .................... 619 Martin Langanke, Wenke Liedtke, and Alena Buyx x Contents Volume 2 Part IV Clinical Settings and Healthcare Personnel . ......... 641 39 Applying Medical Knowledge: Diagnosing Disease ............ 643 William E. Stempsey 40 Technology and Dehumanization of Medicine ................ 661 Keekok Lee 41 Professionalism in Health Care ............................ 677 Andrew Edgar 42 Skilled Know-How, Virtuosity, and Expertise in Clinical Practice .............................................. 699 Hillel D. Braude 43 Meaning and Use of Placebo: Philosophical