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In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. UniversV Microfilms Internationa! 300 N. ZEEB RD„ ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 8129422 Tabasuri , Tabiri Hasani A THEORY OF REVOLUTION AND A CASE STUDY OF THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION The University o f Oklahoma Ph,D. 1981 University Microfilms internstionsi300 N.ZeebRoad,AnnAibor,MI48106 In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V 1. Glossy photographs or pages. 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print_____ 3. Photographs with dark background_____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy. 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page. 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages_____ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print. 11. Page(s)___________lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) 34S&445 geem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered___________. Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages______ 15. Other_____________________________________________________________________ University Microfiims International THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE A THEORY OF REVOLUTION AND A CASE STUDY OF THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY TABIRI HASANI TABASURI Norman, Oklahoma 1981 A THEORY OF REVOLUTION AND A CASE STUDY OF THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION APPROVED BY DISSERTATION COMMITTEE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This writer values the opportunity to thank all who were cooperatively Involved in this study. Acknowledgement is given to the Graduate College of the University of Oklahoma at Norman. Also, it is with a deep sense of appreciation and gratitude that the writer acknowledges his indebtedness to Dr. Fred B. Silberstein, both for his chairmanship of the dissertation committee and the wisdom he displayed throughout the writer's graduate career. Dr. Silberstein has made this dissertation a most valuable and rewarding personal experience. The writer also wishes to thank the other members of his dissertation committee, from the Department of Human Relations/ Sociology, Dr. George Henderson (S.N. Goldman Distinguished Chair), from the College of Education, Dr. Charles Butler, from the Department of Sociology, Dr. Charles W. Wright, and from the Department of History, Dr. Jidlaph Kamoche. These gentlemen have exhibited a professionalism that when combined with qualities of patience, interest and encouragement, has resulted in an ideal after which this writer will eagerly aspire. In addition, the writer is grateful to Dr. Leonard H. Jordan whose influence (through his writings) greatly sharpened my ideas on the subject. The writer is also very appreciative of Miss Jean Sanders for her expertise in preparing this manuscript. Without her skillful endeavor and patience this task would not have been possible. Finally, I wish to thank my wife, Fatisha, and my children. iii Koshina, Elimu, and Amani whose support, patience and continued encouragement gained my sincere gratitude and made this dissertation possible. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................... iii LIST OF TABLES.............................................. vii LIST OF F I G U R E S ..............................................ix CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .......................................... 1 Purpose of the Study ................................ I The "Temporal" Setting of the Study .................. 2 Significance of the Study ........................... 4 Limitations of the Study ............................. 7 Divisions of the S t udy............................... 8 II. THE OBJECT OF S T U D Y .....................................11 Definitions and Typology of Social Movements ........... 13 Definition and Typology of Rev-lution . ............... 34 Distinction Between Revolution and Similar but Different Types of Collectivities .................. 64 The Beginning and End of Revolution.................... 74 S u m m a r y ................ 76 III. METHODOLOGY: THEORY CONSTRUCTION ...................... 81 Definition of Theory ................................ 82 Tlie Tasks of T h e o r y ................................... 84 The Basic Elements of a Theory .................. 88 Criteria for Evaluating all Tlieories.................... 98 Three Modes of Theory Construction ..................... 102 S u m m a r y ........................... 122 IV. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE..................... 124 The Colonial Situation ............................... 124 Classification and Critique of Theories of Revolution . 127 S u m m a r y .............................................203 V. THE DESCRIPTIVE SCHEME.................................. 206 The Scheme........................................... 208 The Haitian Revolution ............................... 209 Other Cases; Martinique and Guadaloupe ................ 292 Summary ....... ............................... 312 VI. THEORETICAL DESIGN ..................................... 316 The Problem (Formalized)........................... 316 The Conceptual Scheme ............................... 323 Theoretical Propositions ............................. 344 Propositional Arrangement (The Theory) . 348 Summary ......... 362 VI1. THE FORMAL THEORY APPLIED TO A MODERN REVOLUTION .......... 365 The Narrative of the Algerian Revolution .............. 365 Application of the Theory to the Algerian Revolution . 405 Revision of the Theory in the Light of the Algerian Revolution......................................... 409 S u m m a r y ............................................. 420 Vlll. THE FORMAL THEORY GENERALIZED.... ....................... 422 Theory of All Types of Revolutions.. .................. 422 S u m m a r y ............................................. 431 IX. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.................................433 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................... 442 VI LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page 1. Types of Social Movement Members ....................... 25 2. Typology of Social Movements (Silberstein and Jordan) .... 30 3. Typology of Revolutions (Tanter and Midlarsky) ............ 40 4. Typologyof Revolution (Johnson) ........................ 43 5. Types ofResistance Behavior (Bell) . .. .. 47 6. Typology of Internal War (Bell) ......................... 48 7. Types of Revolutions (Hagopian) ....................... 51 8. Typology of Revolutions (Silberstein and Jordan) ......... 56 9. Types of Revolutions.................................... 61 10. Typology of Social C h a n g e ........ 65 11. Typology of Deviants and Deviant Behavior .............. 68 12. Similarities and Differences Between Aberrants and Nonconformists ...................................... 70 13. Differences Between Movements and Other Organizations . 72 14. Types of Collectivities [or How to Distinguish Movements from Other Types of "Collective Behavior") ............. 73 15. Differences Between Criminals, Military Men,' Policemen, Revolutionaries, and Reformers ........................ 74 16. Types of Propositions (i.e., Statements of relationships between two or more concepts) ........................ 96 17. Dimension of Linkages Between Variables ................ 117 18. A Typology of Formal Relationships......... 119 vii LIST OF TABLES [Continued) TABLE Page 19. Classification