University Museum of Cultural Heritage, University of Oslo Håkon Ingvaldsen COS – Coinage and Society The chronology and function of a city-state coinage in the Classical and Hellenistic period, c.390 – c.170 BC A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor Philosophiae at the University of Oslo 2002 _________________________________________________________________________ © Håkon Ingvaldsen, 2002 ISSN 0806-3222 Cover: Inger Sandved Anfinsen Series of dissertations submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of Oslo No. 149 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. Printed in Norway: GCS Media AS, Oslo Publisher: Unipub AS, Oslo 2002 Unipub AS is owned by The University Foundation for Student Life (SiO) _________________________________________________________________________ for Anne & Frida _________________________________________________________________________ blank Contents List of abbreviations vii Acknowledgements ix Preface xi INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 1 The character of the sources...................................................................................................... 2 - Coins.............................................................................................................................. 2 - Inscriptions..................................................................................................................... 7 - Literary sources.............................................................................................................. 9 Earlier research.......................................................................................................................... 11 - Works of reference......................................................................................................... 13 PART 1: THE SETTING SOCIO-POLITICAL OUTLINE..................................................................................................... 17 Social structure........................................................................................................................... 17 Constitution................................................................................................................................ 19 HISTORICAL OUTLINE............................................................................................................... 26 Classical period to c.366............................................................................................................. 27 The period c.366-285.................................................................................................................. 29 The period c.285-210.................................................................................................................. 35 The period c.210-170.................................................................................................................. 37 PART 2: NUMISMATIC ANALYSIS MINTING TECHNIQUE, FABRIC AND WEIGHTS..................................................................... 40 Flans and fabric........................................................................................................................... 40 Die types and die-axis.................................................................................................................. 42 Weight standard........................................................................................................................... 44 HOARDS........................................................................................................................................... 47 List of hoards............................................................................................................................... 47 Single finds and cumulative finds............................................................................................... 58 COMMENTARY ON THE ISSUES................................................................................................ 63 Motifs and style........................................................................................................................... 63 Survey of dies.............................................................................................................................. 80 Commentary on issue I - XXVI.................................................................................................. 84 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................. 164 PART 3: ASPECTS ON COINAGE IN THE GREEK POLIS SYNOECISM AND COINAGE..................................................................................................…. 173 The ancient and modern concept of synoikismos........................................................................ 174 The ancient and modern concept of polis.................................................................................... 176 The connection between synoecism and Coan coinage – fact or fiction?................................... 179 Identification of ‘pre-synoecism’ issues on Cos......................................................................... 180 Was there a synoecism in 366?................................................................................................... 181 Was there a political union prior to the synoecism?................................................................... 182 The significance of a pre-synoecism coinage ............................................................................ 184 PERSONAL NAMES AND THEIR FUNCTION............................................................................ 187 The theories................................................................................................................................. 190 The written sources...................................................................................................................... 196 Summary...................................................................................................................................... 205 Personal names – a possible pattern in the coinages of Asia Minor............................................ 206 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................. 211 PART 4: THE COIN MATERIAL CATALOGUE................................................................................................................................. 213 Introduction................................................................................................................................. 213 Catalogue..................................................................................................................................... 215 Frequency tables of weights........................................................................................................ 371 PART 5: REFERENCES AND INDEX LITERATURE................................................................................................................................. 382 Ancient literature........................................................................................................................ 382 References and consulted works................................................................................................. 383 INDEX............................................................................................................................................. 401 Motifs, symbols and countermarks............................................................................................. 401 Coan personal names on coins.................................................................................................... 402 Public collections........................................................................................................................ 410 Private collections....................................................................................................................... 411 Sale catalogues............................................................................................................................ 413 FIGURES AND PLATES LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................................... 417 MAP OF THE ISLAND OF COS.................................................................................................... 418 PLATES........................................................................................................................................... 419 Issue I.......................................................................................................................................... 419 Issue II......................................................................................................................................... 422 Issue III....................................................................................................................................... 423 Issue IV....................................................................................................................................... 427 Issue V.......................................................................................................................................