RODOLFO GUTIÉRREZ The United States is home to the second JOSÉ ANTONIO ALONSO largest number of Spanish speakers in THE FUTURE OF SPANISH IN THE UNITED Rodolfo Gutiérrez is a Professor of Sociology at José Antonio Alonso is a Doctor of Eco- the world. This is due in part to the fact the University of Oviedo. From 2002 to 2007, STATES: THE LANGUAGE OF HISPANIC nomics and Professor of Applied Economics at the he was the Director of the Research Unit at the that Spanish is the original language Complutense University of Madrid. He served as Economic and Social Council in Spain. His research of a fraction of the U.S. population, but MIGRANT COMMUNITIES Cooperating Economic Director at the Institute of has focused primarily on issues in economic more significantly, to the comprehensive Ibero-American Cooperation and as Vice-Chancellor sociology. Dr. Gutiérrez and José Antonio Alonso and growing diaspora of Latin American José Antonio Alonso of Menéndez Pelayo International University. co-authored the book Migration and Language. Dr. Alonso specializes in growth and develop- The Role of Spanish in International Migration migrants that have arrived to the country. Jorge Durand ment, and international economic relations. He (Ariel-Fundación Telefónica, 2010). He recent- Rodolfo Gutiérrez is currently a member of the United Nation’s ly coordinated a research study on employment U.S. leadership will be a strong factor in Committee for Development Policy, ECOSOC. and poverty in Europe and his results were the persistence of Spanish in its midst as He is also a member of the European Advisory published in the book Working Poverty in a living language will be a powerful factor Group of the Bill and Melinda Gates Founda- Europe. A Comparative Approach, by N. Fraser, R. tion. Dr. Alonso has published papers in various Gutiérrez and R. Peña-Casas, (Palgrave-Macmillan, in the strengthening of the language on academic journals. His most recent books are 2011). the international stage. In this volume, Development Cooperation in Times of Crisis, Co- a number of specialists, all professors lumbia University Press, New York, 2012 (with of Latino origins currently working in J.A. Ocampo), Spanish edition in Fondo de Cul- tura Económica; and Alternative Development U.S. universities, analyze a variety of Strategies for the Post 2015 Era, Bloomsbury, factors, from different perspectives, New York (with G. Cornia and R. Vos). that play a role in the present and future vitality of Spanish as a second language in the U.S. The result is a rich JORGE DURAND and complex work surrounding a crucial issue that will influence the future of Jorge Durand is a Professor and Researcher at Spanish as an international language. the University of Guadalajara in Guadalajara, Mexico and the Center for Research and Teach- MIGRANT COMMUNITIES MIGRANT ing in Economics (CIDE) in Mexico. Since 1987, he has served as co-director of the Mexican Mi- gration Project with Douglas S. Massey, and is a Level III member of the National System of STATES: THE LANGUAGE OF HISPANIC STATES: THE FUTURE OF SPANISH IN THE UNITED THE FUTURE OF SPANISH IN UNITED Researchers. Dr. Durand is a member of both the Mexican Academy of Sciences and the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Throughout the course of the last thirty years, he has studied mi- gration between Mexico and the United States and has published extensively on the subject. Book 21 cap1.indd I 12/11/14 15:01 cap1.indd II 12/11/14 15:01 Th e Economic Value of Spanish: A Multinational Business Research conducted by José Luis García Delgado, José Antonio Alonso and Juan Carlos Jiménez cap1.indd III 12/11/14 15:01 The Economic Value of Spanish (II): Challenges and Opportunities Titles published in this series: 1. The Spanish of International Relations Javier Rupérez and David F. Vítores 2. Spanish, Language of Scientifi c Communication J. L. García Delgado, J. A. Alonso and J. C. Jiménez (eds.) 3. The Future of Spanish in the United States: The Language of Hispanic Migrant Communities José Antonio Alonso, Jorge Durand and Rodolfo Gutiérrez cap1.indd IV 12/11/14 15:01 THE FUTURE OF SPANISH IN THE UNITED STATES: THE LANGUAGE OF HISPANIC MIGRANT COMMUNITIES José Antonio Alonso Jorge Durand Rodolfo Gutiérrez cap1.indd V 12/11/14 15:01 Th is work has been published by Ariel and the Telefónica Foundation in collaboration with Editorial Planeta. Th e publishers do not necessarily share the views expressed in the contents of this work. Th e contents included are the sole responsibility of the authors. © Fundación Telefónica, 2014 Gran Vía, 28 28013 Madrid (España) © Editorial Ariel, S. A., 2014 Avda. Diagonal, 662-664 08034 Barcelona (España) © Texts: Fundación Telefónica © Cover Illustration: Freelance artist / Shutterstock; Auremar / Shutterstock Editorial coordination at Fundación Telefónica: Rosa María Sáinz Peña This dossier is published under a Creative License Non commercial - Share alike First Edition December 2014 Legal Deposit: B. 25.704-2014 Printing and binding: BOOK PRINT DIGITAL Printed in Spain Th e paper used for the printing of this book is one hundred percent chlorine-free and is certifi ed ecological paper. cap1.indd VI 14/11/14 10:38 Table of Contents Preface . XIII Chapter 1.– Th e Persistence of Spanish among Hispanic Groups in the United States: an Introduction José Antonio Alonso, Jorge Durand and Rodolfo Gutiérrez . 1 1. Introduction . 1 2. Th e Value of Language . 6 3. Th e Unique Persistence of Spanish and the Composition of Hispanic Groups in the United States . 11 4. Language and Civilization . 20 5. Th e Value of Language Skills for Immigrants . 29 6. Structure of the Book . 38 Bibliography . 41 Chapter 2.– Spanish Literacy and Language in the Southwest United States: Hegemonic Language Politics from the Colonial Period to the Present Carlos G. Vélez-Ibáñez . 45 1. Introduction . 45 2. Historical Junctures of Empires and National States . 46 cap1.indd VII 12/11/14 15:01 VIII The Future of Spanish in the United States: The Language... 3. Spanish Literacy and Language Development in the Southwest North American Region . 49 3.1. Literacy Levels . 49 3.2. Early Spanish and Mexican Letters . 54 4. Changing and New Clashing Regimes: Th e Mexican and American Republics . 55 5. Political Process and the Naturalization of English: the case of Arizona and New Mexico . 57 6. Th e Preservation of Spanish in the Region . 64 6.1. Continued Movement of Mexican Populations to the New North and the Expansion of Spanish Literacy and Practices. 64 6.2. Th e Explosion of Spanish Literacy and Language . 66 7. Th e Present: Spanish Literacy and Language, Bilingual Education, and the Rise of English Only . 73 7.1. Th e Present . 73 7.2. Bilingual Education . 75 8. Th e English Only Movement: Responses in the Present to Immigration and the Rearticulation of an «American» Cultural Prism through «White» Neo-liberal Th eories. 79 8.1. «White Racism» . 79 8.2. Political Demography and English Only . 81 8.3. English Only Rationales, Fears, and its Totemic Founders and Relations . 85 8.4. Totemic Founder . 89 8.5. Th e Future of Spanish Literacy and Language: the rise of Bilingualism . 92 9. Conclusions . 93 Bibliography . 96 cap1.indd VIII 12/11/14 15:01 Table of Contents IX Chapter 3.– Th e Confl icted Origins and Future of Spanish in the United States Carlos J. Ovando . 105 1. Abstract . 105 2. Confl icted Beginnings . 106 2.1. Th e Permissive Period (1700s-1880s). 110 2.2. Th e Restrictive Period (1880s-1960s). 111 2.3. Th e Opportunist Period (1960s-1980s). 113 2.4. Th e Dismissive Period (1980s-Present) . 120 2.5. Th e Growing Presence of Spanish in the World . 123 3. Spanish and English in the 21st Century USA: Friends or Foes? . 123 3.1. Foreign-Born Hispanic Immigrants. 125 3.2. Spanish-English Language Shift. 126 3.3. Impact of the Foreign-Born in U.S. Schools. 130 3.4. Th e Myth of Latino Resistance. 131 4. Th e Future of Spanish in the United States: Certain, Uncertain, or Guarded? . 134 Bibliography . 142 Chapter 4.– Spanish as a Vehicle of Adaptation between First and Second Generation Immigrants in the United States Patricia Fernández-Kelly . 153 1. Introduction . 153 2. Language as a Social Product in a Historical Context . 157 3. Immigration in the United States . 161 4. Bilingualism, Discrimination and Assimilation in the United States . 165 5. New Voices of Spanish in the United States . 188 6. Conclusion . 200 Bibliography . 203 cap1.indd IX 12/11/14 15:01 X The Future of Spanish in the United States: The Language... Chapter 5.– Bilingual Illiterates? Th e Linguistic Practices of Puerto Ricans of the Island and in the Diaspora Jorge Duany . 213 1. Introduction . 213 2. Th e Language Issue in Puerto Rico . 217 3. Th e Puerto Rican Diaspora . 225 4. Conclusion . 233 Bibliography . 235 Chapter 6.– Th e Enclave, Ideology and Language Preference among Cuban-Americans in Miami: Language and the Exile Ideology Guillermo J. Grenier 241 1. Introduction . 241 2. Cubans in the U.S. Now: Exceptional Latinos? . 243 2.1. Demographic Profi le . 243 2.2. Cuban Migration to the United States . 246 3. Th e Cuban American Enclave and the Spanish Language Media . 250 4. Th e Enclave and Linguistic Acculturation . 253 5. Language Preference and the Persistence of the Exile Ideology . 259 5.1. Data . 261 5.2. Results . 263 6. Conclusions . 266 Bibliography . 268 Chapter 7.– Spanish Bilingualism in the United States: Context, Scope, Characteristics and Viability Rodolfo O. de la Garza .