PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Series A - No. 76 PAPERS IN NEW GUINEA LINGUISTICS No.26 Geoffrey P. Smith Tom Dutton c.L. Voorhoeve Stephen and Janice Schooling Robert Conrad and Ron Lewis S.A. Wunn and T. Baumann Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Smith, G., Dutton, T., Voorhoeve, C.L., Schooling, S., Schooling, J., Conrad, R., Lewis, R., Wurm, S.A. and Barnum, T.) editors. Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 26. A-76, v + 292 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1988. DOI:10.15144/PL-A76.cover ©1988 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is issued through the Linguistic Circle of Canberra and consists of four series: SERIES A: Occasional Papers SERIES C: Books SERIES B: Monographs SERIES D: Special Publications FOUNDING EDITOR: S.A. Wurrn EDITORIAL BOARD: T.E. Dutton, D.C. Laycock, M.D. Ross, D.T. Tryon EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B.W. Bender H.P. McKaughan University of Hawaii University of Hawaii David Bradley P. Miihlhllusler La Trobe University Linacre College, Oxford Michael G. Clyne G .N. O' Grady Monash University University of Victoria, B.C. S.H. Elbert A.K. Pawley University of Hawaii University of Auckland KJ. Franklin K.L. Pike Summer Institute of Linguistics Summer Institute of Linguistics W.W. Glover E.C. Polome Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Texas G.W. Grace Gillian Sankoff University of Hawaii University of Pennsylvania M.A.K. Halliday W.A.L. Stokhof University of Sydney University of Leiden E. Haugen B.K. T'sou Harvard University City Polytechnic of Hong Kong A. Healey E.M. Uhlenbeck Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Leiden L.A. Hercus J.W.M. Verhaar AustralianNational University Divine Word Institute, Madang John Lynch C.L. V oorhoeve, University of Papua New Guinea University of Leiden K.A. McElhanon Summer Institute of Linguistics All correspondence concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies The Australian National University G.P.O. Box 4, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601 Australia Copyright © The Authors First Published 1988 Typeset by Anne Rees Maps drawn by Theo Baumann Printed by A.N.U. Printing Service Bound by Adriatic Bookbinders Pty Ltd The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for assistance in the production of this series This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. ISSN 0078-9 135 ISBN 0 85883 370 0 TABLE OF CONTENTS THE CONTRIBlITORS IV GEOFFREY P. SMITH Morobecounting systems 1-132 TOM DlITTON Police Motu of the Second World War: a record of interview with Nanai Gigovi, 1942 133-179 C.L. VOORHOEVE The languages of the North Halmaheran stock 181-209 STEPHEN AND JANICE SCHOOLING A preliminary sociolinguistic and linguistic survey of Manus Province, Papua New Guinea 211-241 ROBERT CONRAD ANDRON LEWIS Some language and sociolinguistic relationships in the Upper Sepik region of Papua New Guinea 243-273 S.A. WURM AND T. BAUMANN Cartographic and technical problems in the productionof a complex language atlas: The Language atlas of the Pacific area. 275-288 ill TIlE CONTRIBUTORS GEOFFREY P. SMITH is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Language and Communication Studies at the Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Lae, Papua New Guinea. TOM DUTTON is Senior Fellow in the Department of Linguistics, Research School of PacificStudies, The Australian National University, Canberra. C.L. VOORHOEVE is Senior Fellow in Linguistics in the Department of Linguistics, Research School of PacificStudies, The Australian National University, Canberra. STEPHEN SCHOOLING is the Assistant Pacific Area Director of the Summer Institute of Linguistics. He and his wife, Janice are responsible for supervising fieldwork in New Caledonia in cooperation with the Association Caledonienne de Linguistique et de Traduction. ROBERT CONRAD is a Senior Linguistic Consultant with the Summer Institute of Linguistics, Ukarumpa, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea. RON LEWIS is a consultant in Anthropology with the Summer Institute of Linguistics, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea and is doing field work among the Saniyo-Hiyewe People in the East Sepik Province. STEPHEN A. WURM has for 20 years been Professor of Linguistics in the Department of Linguistics of the Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. His main interests are Papuan, Austronesian, South-east Asian, and Central and East Asian linguistics, in particular language classification and grouping and language atlases. THEO BAUMANN is a Senior Cartographer in the Department of Linguistics of the Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. His main interest lies in top level cartography applied to the production of complex multicoloured atlases, in particular language atlases. iv - IS/lind , SlIksr • • ISAN 12 WASEMBO WElIXI 12 '---'--;;UF1M 10 , KOVAl WANTOAT KOMBA TIM BE Wantoat • YAU , SAKAM .2 • 2 • 12 ONO " FINUNGWA , B MAMAA I Ka;spit. c NUMANGAHG NEK I OEOUA TOBO • , . /-'- MUTU AOZERA NABAK I URII , , KATE 2 BURUM • WAFFA • N'dZ'b�_ MESEM 2 , MAPE 2 • Finschhllfen UNAHK WAMPAR • BUKAUAC 2 1 1 TAMI lABU • SAFEYOKA SlliSILI z � 2 '" • - MAPOS I � 1 SIASSI FAMilY • MUMENG , ;3 2 ADZERA FAMilY , '" VEHES Huon Gulf t; 3 BUANG FAMilY lKAMASA) • '"=> • HOTE FAMilY .s , 7' YAGWOIA 5 KOVAl ISOLATE • .. KAWATSA WIN • EASTERN HUON FAMilY Y"'M;'P;>�_ , 7 WESTERN HUON FAMilY • ERAP FAMilY .. .. • • WANTOAT FAMilY .. Menyamya • Butolo KAlWA 10 GUSAP-MOT FAMilY • 11 YUPNA FAMilY MENYA 12 URUWA FAMilY 13 PIHOM STOCK .Wau • Aseki ,. EASTERN FAMilY E.N.G. HIGHlANOS STOCK .. 15 ANGAN FAMilY BIANGAI HAMTAI 16 KUNIMAIPAN FAMilY •• \ 17 BINANDEREAN FAMilY • \ • " ' - ' - • . - ' - . - ., " " •• SUEN" LANGUAGES OF WERI GUHU SAMANE Morobe MOROSE PROVI NeE •• • GaraintJ...-----J ZIA KUNIMAIPA o 20 40 60 " • ! ! I MAWAE 17 Kilometres .1'::::._._. ._._._._._. ._._ Smith, G., Dutton, T., Voorhoeve, C.L., Schooling, S., Schooling, J., Conrad, R., Lewis, R., Wurm, S.A. and Barnum, T.) editors. Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 26. A-76, v + 292 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1988. DOI:10.15144/PL-A76.cover ©1988 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. MOROBE COUNTING SYSTEMS GEOFFREY P. SMITH INTRODUCTION The aim of this paper is to investigate the counting systems of the Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea, and the relationship between these counting systems and the languages spoken in the area. This investigation involved a number of stages. The ftrst requirement was an exhaustive collection of counting data from all the languages of the province. Secondly, these data were categorised into a number of different types to demonstrate the variety of counting methods occurring. Thirdly, the distribution of the different types of counting system was correlated with the distribution of the various language families spoken in the province, and finally, the implications of this correlation for the culture history of North-East New Guinea were examined. The idea for this research was a direct result of involvement with the Indigenous Mathematics Project, which was begun in 1976 by the Papua New Guinea Department of Education under the direction of Dr David Lancy, who was then Principal Research Officer. The Indigenous Mathematics Project had a number of aims, all connected with the relationship between traditional culture and cognitive ability, especially with respect to primary school mathematics performance. Help was enlisted from anthropologists, linguists, educationalists, psychologists and mathematicians, and the present writer contributed a small part of the resulting research (Smith 1978, 1980, 1981). One of the cultural variables which was felt to be relevant to cognitive development was the traditional method of counting used in a society. Lancy notes (1978:6): From its inception the Indigenous Mathematics Project has had as its goal to document the mathematics systems traditionally used in Papua New Guinea. Such systems are interesting in their own right but we felt they might also aid us in understanding the roots of cognitive variability in Papua New Guinea. Information on counting systems was assembled by Lancy from a number of sources. Published accounts such as Kluge (1937-1942) and Wolfers (1972) provided surveys of some of the types of counting method employed by Papua New Guineans, and this was supplemented by unpublished material made available by the Mathematics Departments of the University of Papua New Guinea and the Papua New Guinea University of Technology. In addition, some studies of counting systems in Papers in New Guinea linguistics, No.26, 1-132 PacificLingui stics, A-76, 1988. © Geoffrey P. Smith 1 Smith, G.P. "Morobe counting systems". In Smith, G., Dutton, T., Voorhoeve, C.L., Schooling, S., Schooling, J., Conrad, R., Lewis, R., Wurm, S.A. and Barnum, T.) editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 26. A-76:1-132. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1988. DOI:10.15144/PL-A76.1 ©1988 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. 2 GEOFFREY P. SMITH individual cultures were carried out specifically for the Indigenous Mathematics Project, for example Cheetham (1978), Kettenis (1978) and Thune (1978). However, Lancy notes (1976:6) that the assembled data represented only about 30% of all the languages of Papua New Guinea. The present research was initiated to reduce this deficiencyand provide additional data. The Morobe Province was selected as the study area, as this is accessible to the University of Technlogy, which is located at Lae. The province is a political unit, not a linguistic or cultural one, and thus the boundaries are arbitrary from an ethnographic point of view.