FREIGHT TRANSPORT FOR DEVELOPMENT TOOLKIT: Urban Freight Laetitia Dablanc i The Transport Research Support program is a joint World Bank/ DFID initiative focusing on emerging issues in the transport sector. Its goal is to generate knowledge in high priority areas of the transport sector and to disseminate to practitioners and decision-makers in developing countries. Urban Freight Freight Transport, a Key for the New Urban Economy ©2009 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. 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All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e- mail: [email protected]. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 2 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 4 1. 1. DATA ARE SCARCE ... BUT THE SITUATION IS IMPROVING .............................................................. 6 1.1. RECENT ADVANCES IN URBAN FREIGHT SURVEYS AND METHODS ......................................................................... 6 1.2. THE DIVERSITY OF URBAN FREIGHT SITUATIONS IN DIFFERENT WORLD’S REGIONS ................................................... 7 2. ‘ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY SUPPLY CHAINS’ - MAJOR FEATURES OF URBAN FREIGHT TRANSPORT AND POLICIES ................................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1. ONE SUPPLY CHAIN FOR EACH ECONOMIC SECTOR ........................................................................................... 8 2.1.1. Common indicators ......................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.2. The urban cost burden of freight transport .................................................................................. 10 2.1.3. A city’s main logistics chains ......................................................................................................... 10 2.1.4. Environmental impacts ................................................................................................................. 12 2.2. CURRENT POLICIES AND PRACTICE .............................................................................................................. 13 2.2.1. Institutions involved ...................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.2. Truck and van access restrictions ................................................................................................. 14 2.2.3. Parking policies, provision of delivery spaces ............................................................................... 15 2.2.4. Land use policies, zoning and building regulations for delivery activities .................................... 15 2.2.5. Consultation policies, private/public partnerships ....................................................................... 16 2.2.6. Most recent trends: environmental zones, mixed use buildings, multi-story urban logistic buildings ...................................................................................................................................................... 17 3. KEY ISSUES, KEY MARKET ANALYSES ................................................................................................. 18 3.1. THE INEFFICIENCY OF URBAN FREIGHT TRANSPORT ......................................................................................... 18 3.2. ‘MOTOR TRANSITION’ AND EXTERNAL EFFECTS ............................................................................................. 19 3.3. NEW LOGISTICS SERVICES IN LARGE URBAN AREAS ......................................................................................... 20 3.4. ‘LOGISTICS SPRAWL’: RELOCATION OF WAREHOUSES AND TERMINALS TO THE SUBURBS ........................................ 21 3.5. LABOR ISSUES, SUBCONTRACTING IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR .......................................................................... 22 3.6. PORT AND AIRPORT CITIES (IMPACTS AND OPPORTUNITIES) ............................................................................. 22 3.7. ALTERNATIVES TO ROAD TRANSPORT IN CITIES .............................................................................................. 23 4. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................................... 25 4.1. SETTING UP A GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE FOR A FREIGHT TRANSPORT POLICY ....................................................... 25 4.1.1. Assessing the needs of the economy ............................................................................................ 25 4.1.2. Identifying tasks and responsibilities ............................................................................................ 25 4.1.3. Organizing public private consultations on urban freight ............................................................ 26 4.2. SERVING URBAN GROWTH ........................................................................................................................ 26 4.2.1. Providing logistics parks ............................................................................................................... 26 4.2.2. Setting up training programs for logistics jobs ............................................................................. 27 4.2.3. Developing urban logistics spaces ................................................................................................ 27 4.3. MAKING CITIES SAFER AND MORE LIVEABLE .................................................................................................. 28 4.3.1. Planning to prevent logistics sprawl ............................................................................................. 28 4.3.2. Keeping/reintroducing non motorized and cleaner modes of transportation .............................. 28 4.3.3. Adopting environmental criteria for freight vehicles’ access ........................................................ 29 4.3.4. Managing a more efficient access to ports ................................................................................... 31 4.3.5. Promoting the most sustainable practices among truck operators .............................................. 31 4.3.6. Adjusting public procurement to promote a sustainable urban freight ....................................... 31 4.4. PROVIDING BETTER TRAINING AND LABOR CONDITIONS TO FREIGHT WORKERS .................................................... 32 4.4.1. An enhanced regulatory framework ............................................................................................. 32 4.4.2. A better design of the street space for delivery activities ............................................................. 32 4.4.3. Stricter controls and enforcement, less corruption ....................................................................... 33 5. LIST OF KEY WORDS OR CONCEPTS ................................................................................................... 34 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND USEFUL RESOURCES, WEBSITES ........................................................................ 36 APPENDIX 1 – CASE STUDY: URBAN FREIGHT IN MEXICO CITY ............................................................... 39 . 1 Freight transport for development toolkit – urban transport EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Cities need freight but they tend to ignore this specific category of urban transport. Freight transport, despite providing jobs and services to the urban economy, has been neglected in surveys and policies. Meanwhile, freight operators have carried on their business, which is to provide the goods required by the urban economy at the right place and the right time. In most cases, they succeed but not always in a sustainable manner.