Situation Analysis Study on Geothermal Development in Africa October 2010 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY WEST JAPAN ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS, INC. AFD JR 10-015 Table of Contents Volume 1 Current Situation of Geothermal Energy Development in Africa Chapter 1 Introduction ··················································································································· 1-1 Chapter 2 Expectations for Geothermal Energy Development in Africa········································· 2-1 Chapter 3 Overview of the East African Rift Countries ·································································· 3-1 Chapter 4 Kenya ···························································································································· 4-1 Chapter 5 Ethiopia ························································································································· 5-1 Chapter 6 Djibouti ··························································································································· 6-1 Chapter 7 Tanzania ·························································································································· 7-1 Chapter 8 Uganda ···························································································································· 8-1 Chapter 9 Assistance of Other Donor Organizations to Geothermal Development in the Region ·· 9-1 Volume 2 Promotion of Geothermal Energy Development in Africa Chapter 10 Expectations for Geothermal Energy in the Power Source Mix ··································· 10-1 Chapter 11 Road Maps for Geothermal Development····································································· 11-1 Chapter 12 The Importance of the Governmental Leading Role····················································· 12-1 Chapter 13 Necessity of Technical Capacity Enhancement····························································· 13-1 Chapter 14 Expected Government Action ······················································································· 14-1 Chapter 15 Recommendations to JICA ··························································································· 15-1 Chapter 16········································································································································ 16-1 Reference .............................................................................................................................................. R-1 Appendix 1 Country Index .....................................................................................................Appex-1-1 Appendix 2 Geothermal Resources by Country .....................................................................Appex-2-1 Annex The Evaluation Sheet of Geothermal Field .................................................................ANNEX-1-1 Situation Analysis Study on Geothermal Energy Development in Africa Final Report List of Figures Fig.-1.5-1 Study Flow Chart........................................................................ 1-6 Fig.-2.2-1 Distribution of Volcanoes in the World ......................................... 2-2 Fig.-2.2-2 Geothermal Potential in the East African Rift System Countries ...... 2-3 Fig.-3.1-1 Population and GDP of the East African Rift Countries (2005) ........ 3-2 Fig.-3.1-2 Breakdown of GDP of the East African Rift Countries .................... 3-3 Fig.-3.1-3 Breakdown of Workforce of the East African Rift Countries ............ 3-3 Fig.-3.2-1 GNI, Energy Consumption and Electricity consumption per Capita (2005, 2008)...................................... 3-6 Fig.-3.2-2 Installed Generation Capacity by Energy Source ............................ 3-7 Fig.-3.2-3 Electric Power Supply System in the East African Rift Countries..... 3-8 Fig.-3.3-1 The Great East African Rift System .............................................. 3-13 Fig.-3.3-2 Location of Geothermal Prospect areas in Kenya............................ 3-14 Fig.-3.3-3 Location of Geothermal Prospect areas in Ethiopia......................... 3-15 Fig.-3.3-4 Location of Geothermal Prospect areas in Djibouti......................... 3-16 Fig.-3.3-5 Location of Geothermal Prospect areas in Tanzania ........................ 3-16 Fig.-3.3-6 Location of Geothermal Prospect areas in Uganda .......................... 3-17 Fig.-3.4-1 Official Development Assistance of Major Donor Countries (gross disbursement base)................................... 3-19 Fig.-3.4-2 Japanese ODA Amount by Regions (net disbursement base) ............. 3-19 Fig.-3.4-3 Japanese ODA Amount by Regions in 2007 (net disbursement base) . 3-20 Fig.-3.4-4 Japanese ODA Amount to the World and the East African Rift Countries (net disbursement base)................. 3-20 Fig.-3.4-5 Cumulated Japanese ODA Amount to the East African Rift Countries (1998-2007) ............................... 3-21 Fig.-3.5-1 Geothermal Projects funded by Japanese ODA ............................... 3-22 Fig.-4.3-1 Legal and Regulatory Environment ............................................... 4-4 Fig.-4.3-2 Current Kenya Power Sub-Sector Structure.................................... 4-5 Fig.-4.4-1 Location of Geothermal Prospect areas in Kenya............................ 4-24 Fig.-4.4-2 Map of the Greater Olkaria geothermal area showing the locations of the fields ...................................................... 4-25 Fig.-4.5-1 KenGen Organizational structure.................................................. 4-28 Fig.-4.5-2 GDC Organizational structure ...................................................... 4-29 Fig.-4.7-1 EIA Report Preparation and Approval Process................................ 4-35 JICA i West JEC Situation Analysis Study on Geothermal Energy Development in Africa Final Report Fig.-5.3-1 Electric Power Sector Players in Ethiopia ..................................... 5-4 Fig.-5.3-2 EEPCO Projected Electricity Demand ........................................... 5-10 Fig.-5.4-1 Geologic Map of Ethiopia............................................................ 5-18 Fig.-5.4-2 Regional Geological Structure in Ethiopian Rift Valley................... 5-19 Fig.-5.4-3 Location of Geothermal Prospect areas in Ethiopia......................... 5-20 Fig.-6.3-1 Power Sector in Djibouti ............................................................. 6-4 Fig.-6.4-1 Geology and hydrothermal activity of the Republic of Djibouti ....... 6-16 Fig.-6.4-2 Location of Geothermal Prospect areas in Djibouti......................... 6-17 Fig.-6.4-3 Temperatures profiles of well Asal-3, Asal-4 and Asal-5 ................. 6-17 Fig.-6.4-4 A conceptual model of geothermal activity in the Asal rift .............. 6-18 Fig.-7.3-1 Tanzanian Transition to an Emerging Market ................................. 7-7 Fig.-7.4-1 Location of Mbeya (Tanzania) geothermal field ............................. 7-16 Fig.-7.4-2 Distribution of faults, hot springs and volcanos in the Mbeya region 7-16 Fig.-7.4-3 Delta-D / Delta 18O diagram of hot spring water in Mbeya region .... 7-16 Fig.-7.4-4 Trilinear diagram of Na-K-Mg of hot spring water in Mbeya region . 7-17 Fig.-7.4-5 TEM survey result in Mbeya region .............................................. 7-17 Fig.-7.4-6 Fluid flow model (plain) of Mbeya region ..................................... 7-18 Fig.-7.4-7 Geothermal conceptual model (section) in Mbeya region................. 7-18 Fig.-7.5-1 Ministry of Energy and Minerals of Tanzania Organizational structure........................ 7-20 Fig.-7.5-2 Geological Survey (Ministry of Energy and Minerals) of Tanzania Organizational structure.................... 7-21 Fig.-8.3-1 Power Supply Situation in Uganda................................................ 8-5 Fig.-8.3-2 Fluctuations to Lake Victoria Water Levels 2004 – 2009 ................. 8-8 Fig.-8.3-3 Fluctuations in Energy Generated by Eskom 2006 – 2008................ 8-8 Fig.-8.4-1 Geothermal areas in Uganda（ Katwe, Kibiro, Buranga） ................ 8-15 Fig.-8.4-2 Geological map and lineament map of Buranga area（ Uganda） ...... 8-15 Fig.-8.4-3 Trilinear diagram of the major anions and Na-K-Mg of hot spring water in the Buranga area ................ 8-15 Fig.-8.4-4 Cl-SO4 diagram of hot spring water in the Buranga area................ 8-16 Fig.-8.4-5 Delta-D-Delta 18O diagram of hot spring and river water in the Buranga area ........................................... 8-16 Fig.-8.4-6 Geothermal conceptual model of Buranga area ............................ 8-16 Fig.-8.4-7 3-D model of Buranga area .......................................................... 8-17 Fig.-8.4-8 Craters in the Katwe-Kikorongo（ Uganda） volcanic area............... 8-18 JICA ii West JEC Situation Analysis Study on Geothermal Energy Development in Africa Final Report Fig.-8.4-9 Geological map of Katwe-Kikoro area........................................... 8-18 Fig.-8.4-10 Resistivity map based on the TEM survey in the Katwe-Kikorongo area............................... 8-19 Fig.-8.4-11 Chosen heat flow hole points（ yellow） and actual drilled points （ black squares） in the Katwe-Kikorongo area..... 8-19 Fig.-8.4-12 Geothermal structure of Katwe-Kikorongo area ............................ 8-20 Fig.-8.4-13 Geology and geothermal manifestations in the Kibiro area（ Uganda） ............................. 8-21 Fig.-8.4-14 Geological map of Kibiro area.................................................... 8-21 Fig.-8.4-15 Resistivity