CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN HISTORIC TOWN OF KENG TUNG, SHAN STATE, MYANMAR By Kreangkrai Kirdsiri A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILISOPHY Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2008 CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN HISTORIC TOWN OF KENG TUNG, SHAN STATE, MYANMAR By Kreangkrai Kirdsiri A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILISOPHY Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2008 The Graduate School, Silpakorn University has approved and accredited the Thesis title of “Cultural Landscape and Vernacular Architecture in Historic Town of Keng Tung, Shan State, Myanmar.” submitted by Mr.Kreangkrai Kirdsiri as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philisophy in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism ……........................................................................ (Associate Professor Sirichai Chinatangkul,Ph.D.) Dean of Graduate School …………/…………../…………… The Thesis Advisor Professor Emeritus Ken Taylor The Thesis Examination Committee ………………………………………. Chairman (Professor Emeritus Trungjai Buranasomphob, Ph.D.) ………./…………./……………. ………………………………………. Member (Professor Emeritus Ornsiri Panin) ………./…………./……………. ………………………………………. Member (Assistance Professor Chotima Chaturavong, Ph.D.) ………./…………./……………. ………………………………………. Member (Professor Emeritus Ken Taylor) ………./…………./……………. 47056962 : MAJOR : ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM KEY WORD : CULTURAL LANDSCAPE/VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE/HISTORIC TOWN OF KENG TUNG KREANGKRAI KIRDSIRI : CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN HISTORIC TOWN OF KENG TUNG, SHAN STATE, MYANMAR. THESIS ADVISOR : PROF. EMERITUS KEN TAYLOR. 282 pp. The study on cultural landscape and vernacular architecture in the historic town of Keng Tung, Shan State, Myanmar, that cultural landscape of historic town of Keng Tung can be categorized in to three types comprising relic cultural landscape which is the archeological evidence of the settlement in Keng Tung town, cultural landscape in rural context which is the cultural landscape made by the Dai Khoen who have lived their life compatibly with the area around Keng Tung, and cultural landscape in urban context which reflects the development of Dai Khoen people, from communities in rural context to urban context. Historical context and changes to Keng Tung make this town become a living heritage town. Factors for the happenstance and existence of vernacular architecture in historic town of Keng Tung directly and closely relate to the surroundings. Hence vernacular architecture is a significant component of Keng Tung’s cultural landscape. It was found that cultural landscape and vernacular architecture are valuable cultural heritage due to their tangible value caused by local people’s understanding in hoe to live their life properly, but happily. However, cultural heritage of Keng Tung town is declining due to development which exceeds their local and social contexts. In addition, there is another invisible to this historic town. That is, local people devalue their own cultural heritage by considering it out of date, and, moreover, value their culture unequally due to the belief that culture on Shan State belong to the minority of the country. Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2008. Student's signature ........................................ Thesis Advisor's signature ........................................ c Acknowledgement The success of this research project can be attributed to the extensive support and assistance from my advisor, Emeritus Professor Ken Taylor, Humanities Research Centre, The Australian National University, Canberra who always gave me a lot of valuable knowledge and supervised me by his sincerity, as well as my co-advisor, Emeritus Professor Trungjai Buranasomphob, Emeritus Professor Ornsiri Panin, and Assistance Professor Dr. Chotima Chaturawongsa who always advised me for my work, my life and the great opportunities for study, Without them, my research project would not be completed. I would like to thank Ms. Nandawan Muangyai (Air) and Jittima Kiatrasmee who spent their time to help me in this work. Mr. Tawan Weerakul (Keng), Mr. Boonyakorn Vajiratienchai (Boon), Mr. Tulachai Bosup (Tul), Mr. Kuekkong Suedee (Kong) friends in the family of faculty of Architecture. All of you make my life become more colorful and fantastic. I would like to thank my survey research team. They are: Mr. Pakkavee Wongsuwan (P’ Tong), Mr. Patipol Yodsurang (Tan), Mr. Tanapon Thongtaneesakul (Nu), Mr. Kuernun Khamhan (Nun), Mr. Vanlop Rungkamjad (Um), Mr. Chinoros Pantawee (F), Mr Tananukit Jadcholabot (Buab) and Etc. With out them my research will not finish. I am grateful to all lecturers, overseas professors and staff of the International Program in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism for their valuable knowledge, the staff of Faculty of Architecture and the Graduated School for administration support. Finally, I am grateful to my family and relatives, particularly my father, Mr. Thavajjai Kirdsiri, my mother, Mrs. U-naporn Kirdsiri, and my sister, Ms. Keerati Kirdsiri for all support, care and love. Without you all, I would not be here. D Table of Contents Page Abstract C Acknowledgement D List of figures Chapter 1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………. 1 Origin of the dissertation…………………………………………………… 1 Significance of the problem………………………………………………... 1 Statement of Objectives……………………………………………………. 2 Conceptual Frame work…………………………………………………. 2 Scope of study………………………………………………………………. 2 Research Question……………………………………………………….. 3 Research Methodology………………………………………………….. 4 Dissertation Overview………………………………………………………. 5 2 The idea for cultural landscape and vernacular architecture…………… 6 Historical background of cultural landscape’s concept ………………… 6 Definition of cultural landscape……………………………………………. 8 the united state national park service……………………………….. 10 The cultural landscape foundation…………………………………… 10 The Australia heritage commission………………………………….. 11 Heritage Victoria………………………………………………………... 11 The world heritage convention……………………………………….. 12 Cultural landscape’s categories…………………………………………… 12 The united states national park service……………………………. 12 The Australian heritage commission………………………………… 13 The world heritage committee of UNESCO………………………… 13 The concept of cultural landscape as world heritage sites……….. 15 The study of cultural landscape in Thailand……………………………... 16 Definition of vernacular architecture………………………………………. 18 The study of vernacular architecture in Thailand……………………….. 20 3 Introduction to historic town of Keng Tung………………………………... 23 Introduction to Myanmar……………………………………………………. 23 Geography and location……………………………………………….. 23 Burmese administration……………………………………………….. 25 E Administrative organization…………………………………………… 26 Introduction to Shan state…………………………………………….. 27 Demography…………………………………………………………….. 29 People on the land of Keng Tung……………………………………. 30 Tai-Dai group………………………………………………………. 30 Dai Khoun…………………………………………………….. 31 Dai Yai………………………………………………………… 31 Dai Lue……………………………………………………….. 32 History of Keng Tung……………………………………………………….. 35 Myth oforigin……………………………………………………………. 35 The history of Keng Tung during the period the period of traditional state…………………………………………………………. 37 Keng Tung history: colonialism period to present…………………. 43 Introduction to Historic town of Keng Tung……………………………… 48 The name of Keng Tung……………………………………………… 63 The setting of the city…………………………………………………. 64 4 Cultural landscape in the historic town of Keng Tung…………………… 66 Relic cultural landscape…………………………………………………….. 70 Historic cultural landscape: the evidence of the relationship between Keng Tung and Lanna……………………………………… 70 Cultural landscape of Keng Tung town’s historic area……………. 70 Strategic area for the city stability…………………………………… 72 City rampart, moat and wall……………………………………… 72 City gate……………………………………………………………. 75 Spiritual and sacred area……………………………………………... 79 From the sacred mountain to the sacred place……………….. 79 Viang Kaew Hoe Kham: the royal residence………………….. 81 Cultural Landscape in rural context………………………………………. 88 Village location…………………………………………………………. 90 The village settled down on the plain area……………………. 90 The village settled down on the hill…………………………….. 90 Traditional village planning……………………………………………. 92 For example 1: Wan Mao village……………………………….. 93 For example 2: Wan Den Chang Village………………………. 94 New village planning in grid pattern…………………………………. 96 For example 3: Wan Lao village………………………………... 98 F For example 2: Wan Nong Or Village………………………….. 98 Village elements………………………………………………………... 101 Sacred places and sacred spaces……………………………… 101 Village’s temple: the heart of community…………………. 101 Ho Tevala (J) and Sao Jai Wan ( )…….. 105 The public space in rural context…………………………………….. 108 Circulation………………………………………………………….. 108 Khong ( ): public open space occupied by people in community………………………………………………………….. 109 Nam Bo (Q9): well……………………………………………... 112 Vernacular house and its layout plan……………………………….. 114 Low fence surrounding a house………………………………… 114 Khong Huen ( &]MS): the private open space……………….. 117 Yea Kaw (): the rice barn…………………………………. 121 Suan Krua (P): the kitchen garden………………………