Durham E-Theses Arabic elements in post-tanzimat literary Turkish with special reference to Hâmd, Fkret, Âkf and Gökalp Nuhoglu, H. Y. How to cite: Nuhoglu, H. Y. (1974) Arabic elements in post-tanzimat literary Turkish with special reference to Hâmd, Fkret, Âkf and Gökalp, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8088/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 ABSTRACT This study aims to shed light on foreign elements in language in general, and in particular Arabic elements in literary Turkish at a particular period in its history, 4 the so-called post-Tanzimat period. { In Chapter I some basic general characteristics of language are given, and the views' of linguisticians on foreign elements in language are discussed. In addition the main characteristics of the two languages are summarized, and a short survey of Arabic elements in pre-Tanzimat Turkish is given. A brief account of the Tanzimat movement in Turkish history concludes the chapter. The second chapter provides biographical background of the four authors on whose works this study is largely based. Their views on language and on Arabic elements in Turkish are given so far as these are known. In the Chapters III and IV some Arabic grammatical I factors,which have no direct equivalent in Turkish, or are fundamentally different in Turkish, are discussed and their appearance in Turkish is considered. I In Chapter V which is on phonetics, the general views of linguisticians are considered with particular care, as i linguistics is usually based on 'spoken language* whereas this study is on 'written language'. Then Arabic elements in Turkish are analysed from the phonetic point of view. In Chapter VI word formation is considered, and the i way in which Arabic elements are used for this purpose in Turkish is explained. The most common foreign element in linguistics, direct borrowing, is also mentioned. Chapter VTI deals with semantics: attention is con• centrated on the change in the meaning undergone by Arabio words when taken into Turkish. The final Chapter stresses the need for further research into the whole subject and the paucity of basic reference material. ARABIC ELEMENTS IN POST-TANZIMAT LITERARY TURKISH WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HAMID, FIKRET, AKIF AND GOKALP BY H. Y. NUHOGLU Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Durham University. November, 1974. ii This work is dedicated to the memory of the late Professor M. N. Lugal of Ankara University and the late Dr. M. Jawad of Baghdad University. iii Genesis 11 1 - And the whole earth was of one language and of . one speech. 6 - And the Lord said, Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is what they begin to do: and now nothing will be withholden from them, which they purpose to do. 7 - Go to, let us go down9 and there confound their language, that they may not understand one And of His signs is the another's speech. creation of the heavens and the earth, and the difference 8 - So the Lord scattered of your languages and colours. them abroad from thence Lo! herein indeed are portents upon the face of all the of folk who heed. earth: and they left off to build the city. (Qur'an, xxx/22) 9 = Therefore was the name of it called Babel; because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the Lord scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth. iV ; I PREFACE 1 Although the Arabic elements in Turkish have been a subject for discussion in Turkish linguistic circles for roughly a century they have rarely been treated in an unbiased way. They are either something beautiful and J sacrosanct, or destructive elements hostile to the true nature of the Turkish language. There have even been studies by 'scholars' to prove that the Arabic language was developed from the Turkic mother language. Thus, for a long time, there has been a need for a study to see them simply as foreign linguistic elements in Turkish. Thus the aim of the present work is to fill this gap. However, by presenting some conceptual suggestions and a possible viewpoint, it can hope at most to stimulate further investigation. If it encourages and assists others to reach more definite conclusions it will have served its purpose. My thanks are due, first and foremost, to my supervisor Mr. J. A. Haywood to whom 1 am deeply indebted for his scholarly guidance throughout my research during which he provided me with valuable advice and comments. He has, with his unfailing kindness, patience and under• standing, always been a strength to me. I owe a debt of deep gratitude to the scholars - Dr.s M. Anbarcioglu, S. inalcik, 0. Turan, M. Kaplan, and Mr. K. Or .from Turkey, and Dr. S. Khalusi from Iraq - whose encouragement drove me to study this particular field - Arabic elements in Turkish. V During the oourse of my work in Durham I have received encouragement, help and friendship from a number of people, both within and outside the University. I sincerely thank them through Professor W. B. Pisher of the Graduate Society, who may represent them. I also thank the staff of the Oriental Section of the University Library, past and present, for all the help given to me. Last but not least, my earnest thanks go to Mrs. C. Bates who typed the manuscript so painstakingly. I must, however, make it clear, that the responsibility for what has been written in this thesis is entirely mine. vi ORTHOGRAPHY For Turkish the present day Turkish alphabet is used, but diacritical marks are not normally employed except where this is necessary to show a difference. For the transcription of Arabic the following system is used: 9 3 t • { a z • b t t L i-i-, th f *• ZL J o q< h JJ k Z. • kh 1 > d m > dh o n s r w y z h • S y sh Si 9 i d u vii ABBREVIATIONS Arabio Alps Buyuk Osmanli Lugati CoV'vn A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic Ilham Ilham-i Vatan rDEPTDED Istanbul Universitesi Edebiyat Fakultesi Turk Dili ve Edebiyati Dergisi Kulliyat Ziya Gokalp Kulliyati-1 (S/iirler ve Halk Masallari) Lexicon Arabic-English Lexicon (Lane) Lisan Lisan al 'Arab Ozon Osmanlica-Turkce Sbzluk Persian Redhouse I A Turkish and English Lexicon Redhouse II New Redhouse Turkish-English Dictionary RCAJ Royal Central Asian Journal Rubab Rubab-i Sikeste Safahat Safahat Turkish TDAYB Turk Dili Arastirmalari Yillxgi Belleten TE Turkculugun Esaslarl Turk. Esas viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface iv Orthography vi Abbreviations vii Chapter I (introductory - i) 1 A - The Definition of Language; 1 and Influence B - Arabic 7 C - Turkish 11 D - Pre-Tanzimat Arabic Influence on Turkish 16 E - The Tanzimat 22 Chapter II (introductory - X) 28 A - Abdulhak Hamid 28 B - Tevflk Fikret 45 C - Mehmed Akif 63 D - Ziya Gbkalp (1) 76 E - Ziya Gokalp (2) 88 Chapter III (Arabic Grammatical Forms - 1) 103 A - Nunation in the Turkish Language 103 B = Hamzated words in Turkish 107 C - 'Alif Maqsura in Turkish 117 D - Ta Marbuta in Turkish 120 Chapter IV (Arabic Grammatical Forms - 2) 126 A - Definite article 126 B - Agreement of Adjective with its noun 132 C - Arabic plural forms in Turkish 137 ix Page Chapter V (Phonetics) 1 46 A - Linguistics and Writing or Written Language: General Remarks 146 B - Concept of Phoneme 151 C - The scripts used in writing Turkish 153 D - The Arabic Alphabet 154 E - Some Orthographic Anomalies of Turkish in Arabic Script in the Early Period 156 F - The Vowels of the two Languages with a reference to the Arabic Alphabet 160 G - Turkish Vowels in Arabic Script 162 H - Arabic Vowels in Turkish Phonetic System 168 1 - Change in the character of the Vowelling of some Arabic Words 175 J - Consonantal Phonemes of the two Languages 177 K - Arabic Written Consonants in the Turkish Phonetic System 181 L - Hard and Soft Consonants at the end of an Arabic Loan-Word 188 M - Some Arabic Consonantal Phonemes as initials 191 N = Doubled Consonants 192 0 - Shadda 203 P - Miscellaneous 205 Chapter VI (Word Formation) 207 A - Word formation in Linguistics - Some General Remarks 207 B - Word Formation in Turkish related to the Arabic Elements 210 C - Compounds 212 D - Derivation 222 X Page E - Word Formation by Semantio Alteration 237 F - The Anomalous use of Arabic Vord Measures 239 G - Loan Translations 243 H - Loan Words 244 Chapter VII (Semantics) 247 A - Some General Remarks 247 B - Sample Studies on the Vocabulary of each Author 254 C - Semantic Changes 266 Chapter VIII (Final Remarks) 271 Appendix - 1 276 Appendix - 2 278 Appendix - 3 282 Appendix - 4 285 Appendix - 5 287 Appendix - 6 291 Bibliography 298 INTRODUCTORY-1 CHAPTBR I The purpose of this study is to shed light on the Arabic elements in literary Turkish in a particular period of Turkish literary history - the so-called post-Tanzimat period* during which the political turmoil in the last years of the Ottoman Bmpire had its impact on the language.