BTMC-131 History of Tourism-I Indira Gandhi National Open University School of Tourism and Hospitality Services Management Block 5 DISCOVERY, URBANIZATION AND SEA-VOYAGES UNIT 14 Concept of Discovery 5 UNIT 15 Urbanization of Varanasi 17 UNIT 16 The Roman Empire and Urbanization 28 UNIT 17 Trade Routes and Sea-Voyages 42 Some Useful Books and Research Papers for this Block 56 Activities for this Block 57 COURSE PREPARATION CUM COURSE ADAPTATION TEAM Prof Jitendra Kumar Srivastava Ms. Tangjakhombi Akoijam Director, SOTHSM Asst. Prof., SOTHSM IGNOU, (Chairperson) IGNOU Dr. Paramita Suklabaidya Dr. Arvind Kumar Dubey Asst. Prof., SOTHSM Asst. Prof., SOTHSM IGNOU IGNOU (Convener) Dr. Sonia Sharma Asst. Prof., SOTHSM IGNOU PROGRAMME COORDINATOR: Dr. Arvind Kumar Dubey BLOCK COORDINATOR COURSE COORDINATOR Dr. Arvind Kumar Dubey Dr. Arvind Kumar Dubey Asst. Prof., SOTHSM Dr. Sonia Sharma IGNOU, New Delhi FACULTY MEMBERS Prof. Jitendra Kumar Srivastava Dr. Harkirat Bains Director Associate Professor, SOTHSM Dr. Paramita Suklabaidya Dr. Sonia Sharma Asstt. Prof., SOTHSM Asstt. Prof., SOTHSM Dr. Arvind Kumar Dubey Dr. Tangjakhombi Akoijam Asstt. Prof., SOTHSM Asstt. Prof., SOTHSM COURSE PREPARATION Unit No. Unit Writer 14, 15, 16 & 17 Dr. Arvind Kumar Dubey, Asst. Prof., SOTHSM, IGNOU LANGUAGE EDITOR ASSISTANCE Prof. Nandini Sahu Mr Vineet Xess SOH, IGNOU, New Delhi JAT, SOTHSM IGNOU, New Delhi PRINT PRODUCTION Mr. Yashpal Section Officer (Publication) MPDD, IGNOU, New Delhi December, 2018 Indira Gandhi National Open University, 2018 ISBN : All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the Indira Gandhi National Open University. Further information on Indira Gandhi National Open University courses may be obtained from the University's office at Maidan Garhi. New Delhi-110 068 or visit University’s web site http://www.ignou.ac.in Printed and published on behalf of the Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi by Prof Jitendra Kumar Srivastava, Director, School of Tourism, Laser Typeset by : Tessa Media & Computers, C-206, A.F.E.-II, Okhla, New Delhi Printed at : BLOCK 5 DISCOVERY, URBANIZATION AND SEA-VOYAGES In this block we have discussed different types of discovery and related forms of tourism. Block also covers urbanization of Roman Empire and Varanasi. Discovery is also associated with Sea-Voyages conducted by eminent explorers. The same is also covered. Unit 14: Introduces you to the concept of discovery, its nature and process. The places (ancient) and city that has been discovered is also covered in the unit. Most of the discovered places and cities are now major tourist destinations. Unit 15: Discussed the sense of urbanization and how Varanasi has been urbanized is elaborated. The urbanization of Varanasi during ancient, medieval and modern period has been covered. The contemporary components which are affecting urbanization of Varanasi are also mentioned. Unit 16: Introduces you to yet another most important ancient empire which was urbanized i.e. Roman Empire. Its brief history, governance, urban establishment, means of entertainment and fall of Roman Empire has been discussed. Unit 17: Discussed different trade routes and their importance from business tourism point of view. You will also know sea voyages conducted by Christopher Columbus and Vasco Da Gama. Discovery, Urbanization and Sea-Voyages 4 UNIT 14 CONCEPT OF DISCOVERY Concept of Discovery Structure 14.0 Objectives 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Discovery and Invention 14.3 Type of Discovery 14.3.1 World Discovery 14.3.2 Spiritual Discovery 14.3.3 Emotional Discovery 14.3.4 Relationship Discovery 14.3.5 Scientific Discovery 14.3.6 Self Discovery 14.3.7 Reader Discovery 14.3.8 Childhood Discovery 14.3.9 Physical Discovery 14.4 Nature of Discovery 14.5 Process of Discovery 14.6 Significance of Discovery 14.7 Let Us Sum Up 14.8 Key Words 14.9 Answers to Check Your Progress 14.0 OBJECTIVES After reading this unit, you will be able to: know what is meant by the term Discovery; understand the difference between Discovery and Invention; identify different types of Discovery and nature of Discovery; learn the process of Discovery; and appreciate the significance of Discovery. 14.1 INTRODUCTION Discovery is finding (uncovering or detecting) something which has not been recently recognised, rather it already existed in the world. It is related to scrutiny of new phenomena, events, place, action etc. Discovery represents natural occurrences that involve exploration done purposely or happened accidently. Discovery is a psychological process. The obsession to do something new, the desperate need and above all intense desire is the mother of all discoveries. In English literature it has been rightly said that where there is a will there is a way. If there is a strong will then there will be strong motive to discover, explore, construct and create something new which will have some far reaching impacts. It has different meaning in different disciplines and domains. Just to define Discovery it can be said that the process of recognising something for the first 5 Discovery, Urbanization and time before anyone could do it and that already existed in our surroundings. In a Sea-Voyages nutshell, discovery can be defined as the act of finding information, place, object or learning something for the first time. The concept also lies in this fact that discovery is an art of experiencing something for the first time or rediscovering something which is lost, forgotten, concealed or destroyed. 14.2 DISCOVERY AND INVENTION There is a difference between discovery and invention because invention is related to a process or designing/creating an item (tool or device etc) which did not exist before. Invention is development of something which is original and advanced. Invention is a scientific or human-made article which is useful to society and is invented with experimentation or ideas. Invention is done for those which is non-existent and can be patented. Discovery cannot be patented. For example, Sir Isaac Newton’s work on gravity is a Discovery, Columbus finding of America is a Discovery but Graham Bell’s work for communication by telephone is an invention. Whatever changes we are experiencing in our day to day life is due to inventions and discoveries. Invention and discovery have transformed to a great extent the pattern of our life, food, work, transportation and communication etc. This process of discovery may be accidental and unexpected and sometimes they emerge out of the careful planning and deliberate efforts intensified by wonder, need and curiosity, thus making discovery afresh in nature with the significance in many ways like emotions, creativity, intellectual, physical and spiritual. The tendency of discovery is that it connects us to a new world, ideas, findings, information and object which have a far-reaching impact in the future perspective. This art of discovery and discovering can change the thought process and perception of our selves as well as others too. A small child when he is stepping out for the first time, tries to discover the surroundings by smell, touch and taste. Thus, the art of discovery teaches him how to contact and interact with the outer surroundings. It puts stress on the natural learning of the child emerged as a result of curiosity. Its significance also relies in this fact that such direct contacts with the outer surroundings help the child/discoverer to create a recognisable pattern and thus making a sense of this newly discovered information. Therefore, discoveries either in the form of basic information, place, an object or learning, play a pivotal role in many ways and in many folds in the life of an individual as well as masses. Check Your Progress-1 1) What do you understand by the term “Discovery”? ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. 6 Concept of Discovery 2) Is there any difference between Discovery and Invention? ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. 14.3 TYPES OF DISCOVERY There are many types of discoveries that have been described below: 14.3.1 World Discovery