Index A Allied Coordinating Council of Abbasid Dynasty, 7 Islamic NGOs (ACCIN), 398 Abdul Aziz, Mohammad Amin All-Indian Congress Committee, 190 Nordin, 405 All-Malaya Central Dravida Kalagam, Abdul Halim, Ahmad Faruz Sheik, 249 398 All-Malaya Council for Joint Action Abdul Hamid, Ahmad Fauzi, 389, 395 (AMCJA), 232 Abdullah, Cik Dat Anjang, 268 All-Malayan Rubber Workers’ Abdullah, Sultan, 24 Council (AMRWC), 247 ABIM. See Angkatan Belia Islam Al Ma’unah, 394 (ABIM) AMCJA. See All-Malaya Council for Abolitionism, 66 Joint Action (AMCJA) ACCIN. See Allied Coordinating AMCJA-PUTERA, 233, 242, 290 Council of Islamic NGOs coalition, 255 (ACCIN) negotiations, 232 Adi Dravida, 156 American War of Independence, 66 Agamic Hinduism, 141 Amery, Leo, 166 Agent for the Government of India, Amrita Bazar Patrika (1912), 107 116, 124, 126 AMRWC. See All-Malayan Rubber agriculture, British colonial economy, Workers’ Council (AMRWC) 27–28 Anderson, John, 96 Aiyer, K.A. Neelakanda, 162 Angkatan Belia Islam (ABIM), 338 Albuquerque, Alfonso de, 17 Angkatan Pemuda Insaf, 231 alcoholism, 124–25 Anglican Clapham Sect leadership, 66 Aliens Ordinances, 163 Anglo–Dutch Treaty of London “Allah”, non-Muslim usage of, 431 (1824), 21 Alliance educational policies, 305 Anglo-US-Dutch coalition, 187 Alliance formula, 276, 347 Annadurai, C.N., 280 Alliance National Convention, 278 anti-British sentiment, 187 19 TragicOrphans_Msia.indd 491 12/8/14 11:11 AM 492 Index anti-Chinese Sabillah, 227 Balan, R.G., 268 ‘anti-development’ process, 315 Baling poverty demonstrations anti-Hindu agitation in Madras, 280 (1974), 338 anti-Japanese groups, 186 Bangkok resolutions, 194 apostasy, 399 Banishment Ordinance, 163 Arab Muslim traders, 7–8, 17 Bank of Chettinad, 140 Arasaratnam, Sinnappah, 140, 405, 450 Barbadian Code, 65 arkatia, 82–84 Barisan Alternatif, 339 arsenal of democracy, 177 Barisan Nasional (BN), 311–12, 348 “Aryan invaders”, 154 Baron, J.M., 120 “Aryan” race, 154 Battalion Perak Sikhs, 142 Asia, British objectives in, 19 battle-hardened troops, 182 Asian civil servants, 228 Batu Caves condominium, 434–35 Asian management staff, 119 Bersih organization, 390, 433–34 Asian traders, 17 Besant, Annie, 153 Asian troops, 180 Besar, Kelantan Mentri, 431 Asian volunteers, 181 Bhattacharya, 239 Askar Melayu Setia, 186 BIA. See British Indian Army (BIA) atavism, 40 BIA troops, 189 authoritarianism, 333–34 Biblical scholarship, 64 Azad Hind Fauj, 198 Bin Laden, Osama, 389 Aziz, Datuk Mohamad, 434 Blackburn, Robin, 72n7 Aziz, Ungku, 314–15 “black Europeans”, 139 black slavery, abolition of, 72 B BMA. See British Military Baba cultures, 51 Administration (BMA) Baba, Ghafar, 338 BN. See Barisan Nasional (BN) Badawi, Abdullah, 388, 426 BN coalition in 1977, 331 Bersih, 390 Borneo territories, 300 disillusionment, 2007, 391 Bose, Rash Behari, 193, 195, 197 election, 2004, 389 Brazier, John, 251 Islam Hadhari programme, 388–89, Briggs, Harold, 266–67 397 Briggs Plan, 266, 289 Ketuanan Melayu phenomenon, Britain negotiated agreements, 69 390–91 British Army, 143 Lingam tape, 389–90 British authorities, 192 Mahathir’s plans, 388–89 British Caribbean, 65 patronage networks, 389 British colonial economy, 26–27, 30 as prime minister, 388, 413, 415 agriculture, 27–28 Bagehot, Walter, 41 labour, 28–29 Bajpai, Girja Shankar, 125, 152, 161 in Malay, 29 Balakrishnan, Aum Sri Siva, 405 tin mining, 28 19 TragicOrphans_Msia.indd 492 12/8/14 11:11 AM Index 493 British colonialism, 19, 35, 205, 209, British objectives in Asia, 19 332 British policy in Malaya, 48 Johor, 25–26 British prestige, 38 Melaka and straits settlements, British racial ideologies, 38–41 21–22 British racial policy, 42 Penang, 19–20 British rule, 48 Peninsular Malaya, 22–24 in Malaya, 136 Singapore, 20–21 re-establishment of, 237 British colonial rule in India, 42 British rulers, 36–37 British colonial society, 180 British slave plantations, 71 British colony of Barbados, 64 British Social Darwinism, 50, 51 British complacency, 178 British society, 46 British-dominated plantation sector, on eve of invasion, 177–79 352 British traders, 66 British East India Company (EIC), British Trade Union Act of 1927, 163 153 British troops, 179–80 British financiers, 26 Buddhism, 2–3 British forces, 21, 186 Bukit Asahan Estate Incident, 320–21 British governance of Malaya, 46 Bukit Mertajam clashes, 305 Chinese society in colonial Malaya, Bukit Sembilan Estate, 243 54–55 bureaucratic machinery, 48 co-option of elites, 49–50 Burma campaign, 190 ethnic compartmentalization in Burma Railway, 206 colonial Malaya, 55–56 Bush, George W., 393 indirect rule, 48–49 business sector, Indian participation Malay society under colonialism, in, 237 52–54 prestige, 46–47 C racial ideologies, 50–52 Cairo, trading economies of, 16 signs of change, 56–57 Caldwell, Bishop Robert, 154 British government, 300 Cannadine, David, 40 British High Commission, 408 Carrian Affair (1981–83), 334 British imperialism, 189 Carter, Marina, 94 British Indian Army (BIA), 142, 186 Caste, divisions, 82 British Indian opium trade, 21 Catholicism, establishment of, 17 British invincibility, myth of, 180 Catholic Portuguese, 17 British Malaya, dynamics of, 181 Central Indian Association of Malaya British Military Administration (CIAM), 116, 157–62, 239 (BMA), 178, 227–28 Ceylon, European plantation coffee British military intelligence, 178 industry in, 27 British military strategists, 177 Ceylon Tamils, 137–39 British mines in Malay states, 22 Chatterji, A.C., 189 19 TragicOrphans_Msia.indd 493 12/8/14 11:11 AM 494 Index Chempaka Negri Lakshmi Textiles Chulias, immigrants, 22 Sdn Bhd project, 356 CIAM. See Central Indian Association Chettiar, K. Ramanathan, 277 of Malaya (CIAM) Chettinad, 139 citizenship, 282 Chettinad Bank, 140 crisis of, 316–18 Chiang Kai Shek, 183 civil disobedience campaign, 194 Children and Young Person’s civilian defence facilities, 179 Ordinance No. 33 of 1947, Civil Service, Malaysia, 185, 342–43 261n153 Clarke, Andrew, 24 China CLC. See Communities Liaison educational and language policies, Committee (CLC) 305 Clifford, Hugh, 49 and India trade networks, 4 colonial economy trade developments in, 4 development of, 76 trade with Southeast Asia, 6–7 rapid expansion of, 142 Chinese communities, 55, 227, 230, colonial government, 284 337, 362 colonial Malaya and Indian communities, Chinese society in, 54–55 interaction with, 51 ethnic compartmentalization in, of Malaya and Singapore, 184 55–56 Chinese cultural traditions, 55 society in, 52–54 Chinese dichotomy, 57 colonial repression, 253–54 Chinese firms, 28 colonial-UMNO nexus, 232 Chinese guerrilla movement, 185–86 Committee of Inquiry, 94–95 Chinese immigrant labour, 22 Commonwealth forces, 186, 232 Chinese–Japanese war (1937), 58 communalism, 210, 237, 254, 302 Chinese junk trade, 18 policies of, 453 Chinese labour, 163 politics of, 237 Chinese merchants, 30 communism, 256 Chinese migrants, fresh wave of, 54 Communities Liaison Committee Chinese miners, 22 (CLC), 270–71, 277 Chinese pilgrims, 3 Congress of National Culture, 311 Chinese society in colonial Malaya, constitutional amendments of 1971, 54–55 393 Chinese squatters, 184 Constitutional (Amendment) Bill, 310 Chinese tin miners, 28 Constitutional Commission, 274 Chinese workers, 56 constitutional reform Chin Peng, 252 Federation, 231–34 Chitty Melaka, 137 Malayan Union, 228–31 Chola Kingdom, 4 constitution, features of, 275 Chowdary, S. Raghavayya, 155 contract system, 354 Christian missionaries, 138 Controller of Labour, 111, 114 19 TragicOrphans_Msia.indd 494 12/8/14 11:11 AM Index 495 “coolie” labour, 85–86, 88, 150 Dutch authority in 1818, 21 Cooperative Societies Act, 358 Dutch colonialism, 17–19 Cooper, Duff, 179, 181 Dutch East India Company, 18 Coromandel Coast Muslims, 144 Dutch Reformed Church, 18 Coronation Durbar of 1911, 38 Dutt, S., 124, 167 Council of Action, 194–95 cow’s head incident, 432 E Cripps, Stafford, 190 East India Company (EIC), 35, 68 cronyism, 335 trade between India and China, 19 Crouch, Harold, 333 treaty signed between Sultan and, crude racial stereotypes, 182 20 East India Company Act, 35 D East-West trade, development of, 2 dacoity, 76 economic policy in Malaysia, 308–12 DAP. See Democratic Action Party Education Act of 1961, 362 (DAP) educational projects, 361 Dawn Raid of 1981, 352 education, language and, 284 Democratic Action Party (DAP), 307 Education Ordinance of 1957, 284, ultimatum, 431 362 Department of Labour, 111 Education Welfare and Research depression, 140 Foundation (EWRF), 361 Depression industrial activism, 162 EIC. See East India Company (EIC) Descent of Man and Selection in 8 March 2008, 412 Relation to Sex, The (Darwin), 40 Elphick, Peter, 181 Dickson, Frederick, 93 Emancipation Act, 66 diet, sparseness of, 88 emergency, 265, 268–69 “divide and rule” tactics, 245 declaration of, 285 DMK. See Dravida Munnetra Emigration Act of 1922, 111–12, 121 Kazhagam (DMK) Emigration Bill, 111 Dobbie, William, 178 Emigration Commissioner, 110 Drabble, John, 28 Emigration Committee, 111 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam emigration labourers, social and (DMK), 280 psychological impact of, 107 Dravida Murasu, 249 Emperor of India Life Insurance Dravidar Kazhagam, 242, 248–49 Company, 196 Dravidas, Adi, 120–21 English law, principles of, 80 “Dravidian” ideology, 152 English-speaking workforce, 136 Dravidianism, 280 Essential Goodwill Regulations, 309 ideology of, 155 estate culture, self-referentiality of, 118 Dravidian movement in Madras, 249 estate workforce, proportion of, 103 Dravidistan, 248 ethnic