9/11 and Islam: Terrorism, State Violence and Dialogue A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Tapas K. Patra School of Social Science and International Studies Faculty of Arts and Social Science University of New South Wales June 2017 11 PLEASE TYFE THE UNIVERSITY OF NE'v'V SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name; Kan First name; Janice Other name/s: Mary Kai-Yee Abbreviation for degree as given in the University calendar: AlD School: Psychology Faculty: Science Trtle: Ghosts of mother's past: Examining the persistent effects of previous maternal stress on the mother and her subsequent infant rat offspring Abstract 350 words maxim um: (PLEASE TYPE) The experiments reported in this thesis exanined the long-term effects of chronk: maternal-separation on the mother and her future offspring. Adult female rats were bred and were then repeatedly separated from their pups (maternal separation; MS) or remained with their pups (standard rearing; SR), After those pups were weaned. females were bred again with all pups from the subsequent litters being standard reared. Hence, these subsequent litter pups had mothers that were either previously separated (MSsue) or not (SRsus} f rom their prior litter. Infant offspring of the subsequent litter and their mothers were the focus of the research reported in this thesis. In the first series of experiments (Chapter 2), those infants were examined for anxiety-like behaviour, as well as w hetherthey use maternal cues to regulate their responses to aversive situations, a process referre:I to as maternal buffering. It was found that MSsus infants did not exhibit more anxiety-like behaviour compared to standard-reared controls. How ever, these infants exhibited impaired rnaternal buffering in response to aversive stfmulation, The second series of experiments (Chapter 3) examned whether alterations in mother-infant attachment night underlie the atypical learned fear behaviour that has been previously demonstrated in MSsus infants (Kan et al.. 2016) and the impaired maternal buffering observed in Chapter 2. It was found that mothers w itha stress history do not behave differently towards their future offspring when they are undisturbed,1n the nest. How ever, under rrore challenging situations (i.e., when briefly separated from her offspring), mothers that were previously-stressed retrieve their offspring significantly faster, compared to non-stressed mothers. The third and final series of experiment (Chapter 4) examined behavioural and biological factors in the mother following previous exposure to stress. 1/Vhile previously-stressed mothers did not differ from controls on biological measures. such as serum levels of corticosterone, these mothers exhibited behavioural differences on measures of cognition. Specifically. previously-stressed mothers sho.ved poorer spatial learning, compared to non-stressed mothers. These findings are discussed in terms of broader clinical implications for targeting the mother to prevent the intergenerational transmission of stress effects. I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available IT¥ thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in the University librarles in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Aol 1968. 1 retain all property rights. such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in futurew orks (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstra:t of 11'¥ thesis in Dissertation Abstracts International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). ~. 1 Lb ................... c .... ~Jr::---... ... .............. .~.°./.4. /. .l.. 7.... ,. Signature Wrtness Signature Date The University recognises that there may be exceptional circumstances requiring restridions on copying or conditions on use. Requests for restriction for a period of up to 2 years must be made in w riling. Requests for a longer period of restriction may be considered in exceptional circumstances and require the approval of the Dean of Graduate Research. FOR OFFICE USE ONLY Date of completion of requirements for Awarct COPYRIGHT STATEMENT 'I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all proprietary rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (i,uch as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstract International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my thesis or I have obtained permission to use copyright material; where permission has not been granted I have applied/will apply for a partial restriction of the digital copy of my thesis or dissertation.' Signed Date ...... 0:.Y/.~ ././..7 . ... ... ... ... .................... ...........··· ·· AUTHENTICITY STATEMENT 'I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of tny thesis. No emendation of content has occurred and if there are any minor variations in formatting, they are the result of the conversion to digital format.' Signed .. .~A.............................. .~ - ........... .... ..... .. ......... .. Date ... .?.:.f?/ .6./.!. ..7 ....... ...... ... .............. .. .. ........... XI ORIGINALITY STATEMENT 'I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial propo1tions of materia I which have been accepted fo r the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educationa l institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicit ly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectua I content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.' Signed Date ..... ~P/tj.1.7. ...................................... Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis, titled 9/11 and Islam: Terrorism, State Violence and Dialogue, is my original work while working as a research scholar in the School of Social Science and International Studies, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, University of New South Wales. This has not been submitted for a degree in any other university or academic institution. Tapas Patra June 2017 i Acknowledgement I am thankful to the faculty members and the administrative staff of the School of Social Science and International Studies in the Faculty of Arts and Social Science at the Universityof New South Wales for their support and co-operation. For this particular project, I would sincerely like to thank my supervisor Dr. Anthony Burke for his encouragement, support and guidance throughout this project. I am indebted. I would also like to thank Dr. Shirley Scott for her generous advice on different styles of writing a political science thesis, and Dr. Andrew Tan for reading the earlier draft of this thesis and supporting my work. My special thank goes to Dr. Andrew M Watts of textedit for his excellent editing of the library copy of this thesis. I express my sincere gratitude to my extended family and friends for all the support that they have provided me. I am indebted to Bapa and Maa for their love, reassurance,and unfailing faith in me and my work. Ghudu, Bui, Nana and Tilloo sustainedand helped me in various ways that kept me going. I am equally indebted for the support and encouragement I received from Bapu and Maa. I am thankful to Tulu bhai, Bhai and Apa for their unflagging confidence in my ability. Abhaya Nayak shared many discussions and gave invaluble tips on academic research – thank you, Sir. Shane, Alex, Dr. Charu and Priyambada Mishra, Tora, Subrat, Chandrakanta, Jeetu and Bhabani always extended their support in various ways that kept me going. And, furthermore, not to forget Putki, Nishu, Suchi, Adi (Ghudu junior), Adyaa, Saino, Tanish, and Miltu, who would love to see their names mentioned here. I wish one day they would also embark on such a scholarly journey. My very special thanks go to Bhanu for always borrowing and returning books from the library on my behalf and aiding me in various ways. My sincere gratitude goes to my colleagues Paul, Leon Andy from the Spastic Centre and Daryl Weiss from Koomarri for their generous support in many ways that made this journey comfortable. Finally, thanks to Liza for equally sharing the day-to-day frustrations and satisfactions of research with me, along with her own research, for the past fourteen years I have spent completing this project. As this long, arduous journey ends the least I can say to all of you is – thank you. ii Abstract This thesis critically explores the dominant discourse on Islamic terrorism. Taking the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Centre as the point of departure, it examines a range of neoconservative literature in order to gain a better understanding of the historical and political conditions that gave rise to the present policy impasse concerning Islamic nations. It critically examines how neoconservative theories and policies shaped and influenced the rationalisation behind the present war on terror and American foreign policy. Based on that understanding, this thesis focuses on whether different theories of dialogue can help us to appreciate adequately the politics of justice that Political Islam seeks, and accordingly a range of such theories are examined. Through critical analysis of a number of neoconservative works, this thesis establishes a formative link between neoconservative theories and the current policy failure.