MigrationMigration inin thethe RussianRussian Federation:Federation: AA CountryCountry ProfileProfile 20082008 Russia 17 route des Morillons CH-1211 Geneva 19, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 717 9111 • Fax: +41 22 798 6150 E-mail: [email protected] • Internet: http://www.iom.int US $20.00 The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. Prepared by: Alin Chindea Magdalena Majkowska-Tomkin Heikki Mattila Isabel Pastor Edited by: Sheila Siar Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel: +41.22.717 91 11 Fax: +41.22.798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.iom.int _____________________________________________________ ISBN 978-92-9068-483-1 ISBN 978-92-9068-517-3 (Migration in the Black Sea Region: Regional Overview, Country Profiles and Policy Recommendations) © 2008 International Organization for Migration (IOM) _____________________________________________________ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. 94_08 Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile October 2008 Contents List of tables and figures......................................................................... 7 Acronym list............................................................................................. 7 Foreword................................................................................................... 9 Executive Summary: General Assessment of Migration Issues........ 13 1. Immigrants......................................................................................... 17 1.1. Number of immigrants .............................................................................17 1.2. Status of immigrants .................................................................................19 1.3. Main countries of origin of immigrants ....................................................28 2. Emigrants........................................................................................... 33 2.1. Total number of emigrants ........................................................................33 2.2. Status of emigrants ....................................................................................34 2.3. Main countries of destination ..................................................................38 3. Remittances ....................................................................................... 41 3.1. Quantitative aspects of remittances ..........................................................41 3.2. Qualitative aspects of remittances ............................................................46 4. Migrant communities/diasporas....................................................... 47 4.1. Description of relationship between diasporas and country of origin ......47 4.2. Migrant communities/diasporas’ organizations by country of destination ..............................................................................................53 5. Irregular migration ........................................................................... 55 5.1. Numbers/estimates of irregular movements .............................................55 5.2. Figures and information on return migration flows ..................................57 5.3. Figures and information on trafficking ....................................................58 6. Assessment and analysis of migration issues................................... 65 6.1. Government institutions responsible for migration policy ......................65 6.2. International legal framework in place relevant to migration ..................67 6.3. Migration policies in place ......................................................................72 6.4. Labour migration issues ............................................................................75 6.5. Policies to address irregular migration .....................................................81 6.6. Policies to address trafficking in human beings ........................................83 6.7. Refugees, asylum seekers and internally displaced persons, and relevant policies in place ....................................................................88 6.8. Other important migration actors in the country ......................................89 7. Annex: Some Additional Migration Statistics ................................ 95 Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008 list of tables Table 1. Population born outside of the Russian Federation (in thousands; as of 9 October 2002) .................................................18 Table 2. Foreign citizens and stateless persons (as of 9 October 2002) ..........19 Table 3. Asylum applications in the Russian Federation, 2004-2007 ..............19 Table 4. Residence permits issued in the Russian Federation, 2004-2007 ......21 Table 5. Temporary residence permits issued in the Russian Federation, 2004-2007 ..........................................................................................21 Table 6. Persons who received the forced resettlement or refugee status, 1992-2006 ...........................................................................................22 Table 7. Refugees and forced resettlers (persons) ............................................23 Table 8. Forced resettlers (by place of former residence) ................................24 Table 9. Distribution of foreign workers (by types of economic activity) .......25 Table 10. Foreign workers in Russia (by main countries of origin) ................26 Table 11. Distribution of foreign workers in Russia (by duration of work period) ............................................................27 Table 12. Distribution of foreign workers (by gender) ....................................27 Table 13. Immigration flows to the Russian Federation by country of departure, 1997-2006 .......................................................................29 Table 14. Immigrants in Russia by ethnic origin in 2002-2006 .......................31 Table 15. Distribution of immigrants age 14 and older, by educational status ...............................................................................................32 Table 16. Emigration from the Russian Federation in 1997 and 2000-2007 by year and country of destination ..................................................33 Table 17. Distribution of refugees and asylum seekers from Russia by country of asylum ............................................................................34 Table 18. Russian citizens who migrated for employment abroad (by gender) .......................................................................................35 Table 19. Russian citizens who migrated for employment abroad (by educational status) .....................................................................35 Table 20. Russian citizens who migrated for employment abroad (by duration of employment period) ................................................35 Table 21. Russian citizens who migrated for employment abroad in 2006 (by type of economic activity) .........................................................36 Table 22. Russian citizens who migrated for employment abroad in 2005-2007, by destination countries ................................................36 Table 23. Occupation of Russian citizens who migrated for employment abroad ...............................................................................................37 Table 24. Russian citizens who migrated for employment abroad, by category of occupation ................................................................38 Table 25: Selected countries of residence of Russian emigrants .....................38 Table 26. Russian emigration by countries of destination and by year, 2000-2006 ........................................................................................39 Migration in the Russian Federation: A Country Profile 2008 Table 27. Educational status of emigrants 14 years and older, 2002-2006 ......40 Table 28..Amount of incoming migrant remittances to Russia .......................41 Table 29. Remittances to and from the Russian Federation, 2000-2006 .........42 Table 30. Remittances sent via money transfer systems in 2006 .....................43 Table 31. Violations of the Migration Law of the Russian Federation ............57 Table 32. IOM assisted voluntary returns to the Russian Federation, 2005-2006 .........................................................................................57 Table 33. Differences in GDP